Autism

Uhlolojikelele

I-Autism yi-neurodevelopmental disorder. Kungokweqembu lezifo ezibizwa nge-pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Kubonakala ngokukhinyabezeka kwentuthuko ekukhulumisaneni, ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi, nasekuziphatheni. Iziguli zivame ukubonisa amaphethini/izintshisekelo zokuziphatha eziphindaphindayo, ezikhawulelwe nezingajwayelekile. Ngokuvamile kubonakala ebuntwaneni. Ngokusho kweCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), abafana bathinteka kakhulu kunamantombazane anawo autism futhi kubonwa isilinganiso esingu-5:1 sowesilisa nowesifazane. Imbangela ye-autism ayaziwa.

Izinkinga ze-Autism spectrum zihlanganisa i-autism kanye nokuphazamiseka okuhlobene. Izinga le-autism lingahluka ukusuka komnene kuye kobucayi. Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okujulile kuvame ukubonakala kubantu abahlukumezeke kakhulu. Izinga lokufa liphezulu kubantu abane-autism kunabantu abajwayelekile abajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi uma benezifo ezifana ukuhlukunyezwa kanye nezifo ezihlala zikhona.

I-Autism iye yadideka nesifo sengqondo sezingane ngaphambilini futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange iqondwe njengesifo sobuntu kwabanye abantu abadala.

Kokubili kubantu abadala nasezinganeni, izinhlelo zemisebenzi yezandla noma zemfundo zenzelwe ukwelashwa okufanele kwe-autism ngokulandelana. Izidingo eziyingqayizivele zempilo yengqondo nezokwelapha zabantu abane-autism kufanele zibhekwe ukuze babe nezinga lempilo elihle.

I-Autism ingabangela ingcindezi kubazali namalungu omndeni, kanye nezinselele zezimali, ezingokomzwelo nezenhlalo emndenini. Ukufundisa izingane zakini namalungu omndeni nge-autism kuzosiza ingane ukuthi iphumelele kangcono ekhaya noma esikoleni.

Izinkinga ze-autism spectrum zihlanganisa

• I-PDD-NOS (I-Pervasive developmental disorder – engashiwongo ngenye indlela), Iwuhlelo lomuntu obonisa izimpawu ze-autism kodwa elingangeni ezigabeni ze-autism yakudala noma i-Asperger's syndrome.
• I-Autistic disorder
• I-Asperger's syndrome

Kwesinye isikhathi ukuphazamiseka kokuhlanganisa kwezingane kanye nesifo sika-Rett nakho kufakwe ku-spectrum.

Izifo ze-Autism spectrum ngokuvamile zithinta izingane ezincane kanye nabantu abadala futhi ziyiqoqo lokukhubazeka kwe-neuro-developmental futhi "ayelapheki." Zivezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene futhi zingahluka kakhulu. Kubantu abambalwa, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo nezinye izimo zezokwelapha nazo zitholakala zihlotshaniswa ne-autism. Kungase kusuke esimweni esithambile kuye kwesinzima.

Abantu abathinteke ngokulingene bangase babonakale bephilile kodwa, okungavamile kokuxhumana komphakathi kuvame ukubonakala. Ku-Asperger's syndrome, abantu (abantu abasebenza kakhulu) bahlangabezana nokungajwayelekile kokuxhumana komphakathi kodwa banobuhlakani obujwayelekile.

Abantu abane-autism basengozini yezinkinga zokuphefumula, izinkinga zokudla okunomsoco (ngenxa yokwenqaba ukudla okuningi, ukungezwani nokudla) kanye nemizabalazo yemizwa (njengokuthi ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka). Ukwandisa kokubili ukusebenza okuzimele kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila kanye nokunciphisa izimpawu yizinhloso ezinkulu zokuphatha i-autism. Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okuhle nokwesekwa okufanele okuvela kochwepheshe bezempilo kubalulekile kubantu abane-autism.

Izimbangela

Imbangela ye-autism ayaziwa. Ezinye izimbangela okukholakala ukuthi ziyimbangela ye-autism yilezi:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubeletha komama
• Ukukhulelwa sikashukela
• ukopha
• Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwengane uma iminyaka yomama iphezulu
• Izici zemvelo ezifana nobuthi, umsoco, izifo, noma ezinye
• I-autism yomndeni yenzeka ngenxa yokuguqulwa kofuzo ku-chromosome 13 (izifundo zakamuva)
• Izimpawu ezifana ne-autism zibonakala nakwezinye izifo ezifana ne-cerebral dysgenesis (ukukhula okungavamile kobuchopho), I-Rett syndrome (ukuguqulwa kofuzo olulodwa), i-tuberous sclerosis, i-X syndrome entekenteke (isifo esizuzwe njengefa) kanye, kwamanye amaphutha azalwa nawo we-metabolism (ukukhubazeka kwamakhemikhali).
• Kunobudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kokuquleka kanye ne-autism. Iziguli eziningi ezine-autism ziba nokuquleka. Iziguli eziningi ezinesifo sokuwa zingase zibe ne-autism - i-aphasia (ukungakwazi ukuqonda nokuphinda) ngemva kwesiqephu sokuquleka.

Izimpawu

Isikhathi sokukhula okujwayelekile enganeni, ngokuvamile asidluli iminyaka eyisithupha. Izimpawu ze-Autism zivame ukubonakala phakathi kwezinyanga ezingama-24 neminyaka eyisithupha ubudala ngokusho kwe-Autism Society. Izimpawu ze-autism zingasukela komnene kuye kokuqina. Ezinye iziguli ezine-autism zingakwazi ukuba nempilo yokusebenza enempilo ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka. Nakuba kwabanye abantu abathinteke kakhulu, umthelela omkhulu ungabonakala ezimpilweni zabo.

Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• Ukuthuthukiswa okungajwayelekile noma okukhubazekile kokuxhumana,
• Okuphawulwe ukubambezeleka kolimi nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo,
• Ukungasebenzi kahle komphakathi,
• Ukuphindwa kwemisebenzi ekhawulelwe, ukuziphatha, nezithakazelo,
• Izimpawu zokuziphatha ngokweqile noma okungahambisani nomphakathi nazo zingabonakala.
• Uma noma yiziphi izimpawu ezingezansi zibonakala enganeni, udokotela kufanele athintwe ngokushesha ukuze ahlolwe:
• Lapho kungabonakali ukujabula noma ukumamatheka, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha noma kamuva
• Uma isimo sobuso, ukumomotheka, nemisindo kungabonakali ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye ubudala,
• Uma kungekho ukuthinta okufana nokukhomba, ukubonisa, ukufinyelela noma ukunyakazisa izinyanga eziyi-12 ubudala,
• Ingane ayiphenduli uma kubizwa igama lomntwana noma kumenyezwa,
• Ingane ayiphenduli lapho ishaywa izandla noma umsindo kungazelelwe,
• Lapho ingane ingakhulumi noma yimaphi amagama ezinyangeni eziyi-16 ubudala,
• Lapho ingane ingaphindi noma ilingise ezinyangeni ezingama-24 ubudala,
• Ukulahlekelwa ukukhuluma namakhono okuxhumana nabantu kunoma iyiphi iminyaka yengane.
• I-Autism Spectrum Diseases: Abantu abane-ASD bangabonisa okungenani izinkinga ezimbili zokuziphatha ezilandelayo:
• Ukuphikelela kokufana esimisweni noma endaweni
• Izithakazelo ezingaguquki
• Ukusabela okwenyukayo noma okunciphile ekushukumiseni kwezinzwa
• Izinzwa eziphindaphindayo nokuziphatha kwemoto
• I-Asperger syndrome: Lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi "i-autism esebenza kahle." Kulokhu, i-syndrome isiguli ngokuvamile ayinazo izinkinga zomqondo kanye nokuxhumana okuyinhloko okubonisa i-autism yakudala.

Izingozi Zezingozi

Izici zobungozi okukholakala ukuthi zibanga i-autism yilezi:

• Izakhi Zofuzo: Uma kukhona ingane yakini emndenini ene-autism nezinye izifo ezifana ne-X syndrome ebuthakathaka kanye i-tuberous sclerosis
• Izici zemvelo: Ukuchayeka ezinsimbi ezisindayo nobunye ubuthi emvelweni,
• Ukopha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• Ukuthatha izidakamizwa njenge-thalidomide ne-valproic acid ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• Isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa (isifo sikashukela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa)
• Imithi yokubeletha komama sebenzisa (ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezithile ngaphambi kokukhulelwa)
• Iminyaka yobudala ephezulu kamama ngesikhathi sokuzalwa komntwana
• Izifo, ukudla okunomsoco noma ezinye izimbangela
• Izidakamizwa njenge-thalidomide ne-valproic acid esetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• I-autism yomndeni kwenzeka ngenxa yokuguqulwa kofuzo ku-chromosome 13 (izifundo zakamuva).

Sifo

Iziphazamiso ekukhuleni okujwayelekile kwengane ene-autism kuvame ukuvela ngaphambi kweminyaka emithathu ubudala. Ukuxilongwa kwe-autism kunezigaba ezimbili.

1) Ukuhlolwa kokukhula kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa “ingane ephilile” (isigaba sokuqala),

2) Ukuhlolwa kwethimba lemikhakha eminingi (isigaba sesibili).

Udokotela wenza ukuxilonga ngokuhlola umzimba, umlando wezokwelapha, izivivinyo zokuzwa kanye nokuhlola okuphelele kwemizwa. Kubuye kwenziwe ngokubheka izici ezibalulekile ezigulini ezine-autism, njenge:

• Ukuthuthukiswa okungajwayelekile noma okukhubazekile kokuxhumana,
• Ukuxhumana komphakathi,
• Ukuziphatha okukhawulelwe ngokungavamile,
• Izithakazelo ezingavamile nemisebenzi.
• I-Autism kanye ne-autism spectrum disorders ingatholwa ngaphambi kwezinyanga eziyi-18 noma ngaphansi.

Ukuhlola okuthuthukisayo

Ukuhlola okufushane okwenziwa ukuhlola ukuthi izingane zinokukhula okujwayelekile yini noma uma kukhona ukubambezeleka kwamakhono azo okuthuthuka (ukufunda amakhono ayisisekelo lapho kufanele zibe neminyaka efanele ubudala, noma uma kungenzeka zibe nokubambezeleka). Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, udokotela angase akhulume noma adlale nengane futhi abheke ukuthi ingane ifunda, ikhuluma, inyakaza futhi iziphatha kanjani. Uphawu lwenkinga lukhona uma kuba nokubambezeleka kunoma iyiphi yalezi zindawo.

Zonke izingane kufanele zihlolwe ukuthi azinakukhula yini ukulibaziseka lapho zivakashela udokotela ukuze zihlolwe impilo yazo enezinyanga ezingu-9, izinyanga eziyi-12 kanye nezinyanga ezingu-18 noma ezingu-24 ubudala. Uma ingane inomlando wokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuhlukumezeka ngesikhathi sokubeletha kanye nesisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi kufanele kusetshenziswe izivivinyo ezengeziwe zokuhlola ukuze kutholakale imbangela kusenesikhathi.

Ukuhlola okuphelele kokuxilonga

Kwenziwa uma kukhona izimpawu zenkinga yokukhula ezinganeni. Kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlolwa kombono nokuhlolwa kokuzwa, ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa, ukuhlolwa kofuzo nezinye izivivinyo. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlanganisa:

Ukubuyekeza ukukhula nokuziphatha kwengane

Ukuxoxisana nabazali (ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwengane kanye nezinyathelo ezibalulekile)

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlonza i-autism isencane, futhi ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kunamathuba angcono okwelashwa okusebenzayo. Odokotela basebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola ahlukahlukene ukuze bahlole izingane ezisacathula nezinsana njengokuhlola, izinhlu zokuhlola kanye nemibuzo.

Amathuluzi Okuhlola

Izibonelo zamathuluzi okuhlola anjalo zihlanganisa,

Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlolwa Kwezifo Ezithuthukayo Ezivamile- Uhlelo Lwesibili,

Uhlu Lokuhlola Oluguquliwe Lwe-Autism Ezinganeni Ezisacathula (M-CHAT),

Ithuluzi Lokuhlola I-Autism Ezinganeni Ezineminyaka Emibili

Uhlu lokuhlola lwe-Autism ezinganeni

I-Autism kufanele ibonakale ekuqaleni, futhi umuntu akufanele abe nezinkinga zokuzwa. Umuntu angase abe nenkinga yokuzwa engase ivimbele ukukhula kolimi ngisho noma ephendula ikhanda lakhe ukuze amemeze noma ashaye izandla. Kumelwe bakwazi ukuzwa ngamavolumu aphansi ebangeni lefrikhwensi ephezulu.

Izivivinyo zokuzwa

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlolwa kokuzwa. Kunjalo,

1) I-audiometry yokuziphatha: Isiguli sibekwe ekamelweni, futhi izimpendulo zabo kumathoni ahlukene ziyabonakala. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa udokotela onekhono noma i-audiologist yasemtholampilo. Le ndlela ivame ukuthandwa njengoba kungadingeki ukulaliswa.

2) Izimpendulo eziphakanyisiwe ze-Brainstem auditory (BAER): Kulokhu kuhlolwa, izimpendulo zikagesi zobuchopho ziyagadwa. Umuntu ubekwa ekamelweni elithule futhi ahlaliswe; ama-earphone abekwe phezu kwezindlebe futhi, izimpendulo zobuchopho ziyabonwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwaselabhorethri

Amasampula egazi namasampula omchamo ayatholakala futhi asetshenziselwa ukuhlola izifo eziwumsuka njengamaphutha athile azalwa nawo e-metabolism. Izifundo ze-DNA zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-X okuntekenteke kanye nezifundo ze-chromosomal.

I-Neuroimaging njenge I-MRI ukuskena kungenziwa uma ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa kuphakamisa ukungavamile ebuchosheni (ngenxa yezilonda zesakhiwo ebuchosheni). I-CT scan nayo isetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbalwa.

Izikena ze-PET noma ze-SPECT nazo zingasetshenziswa njengamathuluzi ocwaningo ukuze kutholakale imbangela (uma ikhona) ye-autism kumuntu ngamunye.

Assessment

Ukuhlolwa okufanele kanye nokuhlonza inkinga eyimbangela ye-autism kwenza udokotela akwazi ukuhlola umuntu futhi aqale ukwelashwa okuthile noma ukwelapha. Kubantu abadala, ukuhlola umsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba amandla kanye nokukhubazeka komuntu obangela i-autism kungahlola kalula. Izibonelo zifaka ubudlelwano nozakwethu ehhovisi, ukwakheka kokudla kanye nokuzwela izingubo.

Cishe u-10% wezingane ezine-autism zingase zibe nekhono elingavamile endaweni eyodwa, njengenkumbulo, izibalo, umculo, noma ubuciko. Izingane ezinjalo zaziwa ngokuthi “ama-autistic savants.”

Ukwelashwa

Ukwelashwa kwe-autism kuvame ukubandakanya ithimba lemikhakha eminingi elihlanganisa udokotela wezingane, izinkulumo kanye nabelaphi bomsebenzi, othisha nodokotela bengqondo.

1) Uhlelo Lwezemfundo Nomsebenzi Wezandla: Indlela yokwelapha ejwayeleke kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo uhlelo lwezemfundo (lwesikole noma umsebenzi wezandla). Kulokhu, izinga lokusebenza komfundi liyabhekwa. Ekumeleleni izingane ezine-autism, kufanele zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amancane nalawulwayo. Ukuqeqeshwa kuhilela izinhlelo zokuqeqesha amagama angenalo ukukhuthazwa (kokubili okubukwayo nokuzwayo). Izingcezu ezincane zolwazi zethulwa enganeni futhi impendulo yengane ifunwa ngokushesha. Ingane kufanele ibe nekhono lolwazi ngalunye ngaphambi kokuba enye iyunithi yolwazi ifundiswe ingane. Isibonelo, ukubeka izandla etafuleni kumele kube yingcweti ngaphambi kokuba bafunde ukudla etafuleni.

2) Ukufundisa Amalungu Omkhaya: Amalungu omndeni adinga ukufundiswa futhi akhuthazwe ukuze afunde futhi aqonde izinto ezingabakhuthaza kanye nokuziphatha okungekuhle komuntu one-autism. Abazali namalungu omndeni kufanele bavuleleke ukuze bafunde zonke izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha futhi babe nesineke. Ukuxhumana nokusebenzelana nabanye kufanele kukhuthazwe futhi kufundiswe izingane, intsha, kanye nabantu abadala. Ukwamukelwa kwelungu lomndeni eline-autism kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kubucayi.

3) Ezengqondo: kwabanye abantu abane-autism I-Psychotherapy isiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza, futhi ihlanganisa nokwelashwa kokuziphatha ukuze kubhekwane nokuziphatha okuyinkinga nokubi.

4) Eminye imithi yeluleka ukwelapha izimpawu ezithile: Ngokuziphatha okunolaka ukwelashwa okululekwayo yi-haloperidol ne-aripiprazole. I-hyperactivity kanye nokuphazamiseka kokunaka ezinganeni kungalawulwa nge-methylphenidate. Kubantu abanokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo, ukuthukuthela, nokuzilimaza kanye nabanye bangelashwa nge-risperidone.

5) Imithi eminingana zingaphansi kocwaningo futhi azikakabonakali ikhambi elibalulekile le-autism.

6) Izithako zokudla eziqukethe omega-3 ama-fatty acids ayelulekwa. Alukho ucwaningo olwanele lokunquma indima yezithako zokudla ku-autism.

7) Okunye ukwelashwa okuhlukahlukene njenge-hyperbaric oxygen, umthamo omkhulu wamavithamini, nokwelashwa kwe-chelation. Kodwa akukho nokukodwa kwalokhu kwelashwa okuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi kusebenza ngempumelelo.

Prevention

I-Autism isifo esingokwengqondo esingenakho ukwelashwa okuqondile. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezithathelwe i-autism ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa zingase zibe usizo ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwe-autism spectrum.

1) Ukuthatha i-folic acid ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa: I-Folic acid ethathwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ingase isebenze njengesithiyo ngokumelene nokuphazamiseka kwe-autism spectrum kanye nokuthambekela kofuzo ku-autism.

2) Gwema utshwala, ukubhema, nezidakamizwa: Ukuphuza utshwala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukubhema kanye nokudla izidakamizwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungase kwenyuse ingozi yokuba nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okufana nokuphazamiseka kwe-autism spectrum kanye, nokukhubazeka kwengqondo.

3) Ukuncelisa ibele ingase ivimbele ukukhula kwe-autism ezinganeni nasezinsaneni.

4) Gwema gluten kanye casein: Ngokocwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemingcele ehlukahlukene kubonakala lapho ezinye izingane ze-autistic zinikezwa ukudla okungenayo i-gluten kanye ne-casein mahhala izinyanga ezinhlanu.

5) Gwema imigomo ene-mercury: Eminye imithi yokugoma enikezwa ngokumelene nesinye isifo esibangelwa amagciwane ingase ibe nemithamo ephansi ye-mercury futhi ingase ibe yingozi kumntwana nasezinganeni.

I-FAQ's

1) Yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala ze-autism?

I-Autism iwukukhubazeka kokuthuthuka (impilo yonke). I-Autism ayikwazi ukutholwa ngenkomba eyodwa. Izimpawu ze-autism yilezi:

Ubunzima bokuxhumana nabantu,

Ukuxhumana okukhubazekile,

Ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe nokukhawulelwe, izithakazelo kanye nokuzwela kwezinzwa.

2) Ngingakuthola kanjani ukuxilongwa okuqinisekisiwe kwe-autism enganeni yami?

Udokotela wakho angenza izivivinyo ezihlukahlukene ukuze aqinisekise i-autism enganeni yakho njenge:

Ukuhlolwa kwamakhono enganeni (amakhono asebenzayo),

Ukubuka ingane nokuziphatha kwayo emphakathini ekhaya noma esikoleni,

I-Comprehensive Autism-diagnostic Interview

Ukunikeza iseshini yempendulo kubazali (ithuba lokubuza imibuzo nokucaciselwa),

Isincomo sokungenelela nokulandelela.

I-Apollo Hospitals ine-Autism ehamba phambili. Ukuze uthole odokotela abahamba phambili be-Autism edolobheni lakho eliseduze, vakashela izixhumanisi ezingezansi:

• Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism e-Bangalore
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism e-Chennai
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism e-Hyderabad
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism eMumbai
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism e-Kolkata
• Autism ukwelashwa eDelhi