I-Isoniazid - Ukusetshenziswa, Isilinganiso, Imiphumela Engemihle Nokunye Okuningi

Isingeniso: Kuyini i-Isoniazid?

I-Isoniazid iyi-antibiotic esetshenziswa kakhulu ukwelapha nokuvimbela isifo sofuba (TB), isifo esithathelwanayo esiyingozi esibangelwa yibhaktheriya i-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ingomunye wemithi ephumelela kakhulu yesifo sofuba futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa kanye neminye imithi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo nokunciphisa ingozi yokumelana nemithi. I-Isoniazid isebenza ngokuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane, okwenza kube yingxenye ebalulekile emithini yokwelapha i-TB.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Isoniazid

I-Isoniazid ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha eziningana, okuhlanganisa:

• Isifo Sofuba Esisebenzayo: Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa okujwayelekile kwe-TB esebenzayo, ngokuvamile okunikezwa kanye neminye imithi yokulwa ne-TB.
• Ukutheleleka Kwesifo Sofuba Esicashile: I-Isoniazid isetshenziselwa futhi ukwelapha i-TB ecashile, okusho ukuthi amagciwane akhona emzimbeni kodwa awabangeli izifo ezisebenzayo. Lokhu kusiza ukuvimbela ukukhula kwe-TB esebenzayo esikhathini esizayo.
• I-Prophylaxis: Kubantu abasengozini enkulu yokuthola i-TB, njengalabo abanezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka, i-Isoniazid inganikezwa njengendlela yokuvimbela.

Indlela Esebenza

I-Isoniazid isebenza ngokuhlasela udonga lweseli lwebhaktheriya yesifo sofuba i-Mycobacterium. Iphazamisa ukwakheka kwama-mycolic acid, okuyizinto ezibalulekile odongeni lweseli lebhaktheriya. Ngokuphazamisa le nqubo, i-Isoniazid ivimbela ngempumelelo amabhaktheriya ekukhuleni nasekuphindaphindeni, okuvumela amasosha omzimba ukuba aqede ukutheleleka.

Isilinganiso nokuphathwa

Umthamo we-Isoniazid ungahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka yesiguli, isisindo, kanye nesimo esiphathwayo. Nazi izilinganiso ezijwayelekile:

• Abantu abadala: Umthamo ojwayelekile wokwelapha i-TB esebenzayo u-5 mg/kg (kufika ku-300 mg) othathwa kanye ngosuku. Kwi-TB ecashile, umthamo uvame ukuba ngu-300 mg kanye ngosuku izinyanga ezingu-6 kuya kwezingu-9.
• Izingane: Ezinganeni, umthamo ngokuvamile u-10-20 mg/kg (kufika ku-300 mg) kanye ngosuku kwi-TB esebenzayo, kanye no-10 mg/kg kwi-TB ecashile.

I-Isoniazid itholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa amaphilisi kanye nezixazululo zomlomo. Ngokuvamile ithathwa esiswini esingenalutho, kungaba ihora elilodwa ngaphambi noma amahora amabili ngemva kokudla, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumuncwa.

Imiphumela Engemihle Ye-Isoniazid

Nakuba i-Isoniazid ivame ukubekezelelwa kahle, ingabangela imiphumela emibi. Imiphumela emibi evamile ihlanganisa:

• I-nausea
• Ukuvota
• Ukukhathala
• isiyezi
• bekhanda

Imiphumela emibi kakhulu ingase ihlanganise:

• Ukulimala kwesibindi (ubuthi besibindi)
• I-peripheral neuropathy (ukuba ndikindiki noma ukuqaqamba ezandleni nasezinyaweni)
• Ukungezwani komzimba (ukuqubuka, ukulunywa, ukuvuvukala)
• Ukuquleka (okungavamile)

Iziguli kufanele zibike noma yiziphi izimpawu ezingavamile kumhlinzeki wazo wezempilo ngokushesha.

Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa

I-Isoniazid ingasebenzisana nemithi eminingana, okungase kwandise ingozi yemiphumela emibi noma kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa. Ukusebenzisana okukhulu kwemithi kuhlanganisa:

• Ama-anticoagulants: I-Isoniazid ingathuthukisa imiphumela yemithi yokunciphisa igazi njenge-warfarin, okwandisa ingozi yokopha.
• Ama-Antiepileptics: Kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwemithi esetshenziswa ukulawula ukuxhuzula, njenge-phenytoin.
• Utshwala: Ukusebenzisa utshwala ngasikhathi sinye kungandisa ingozi yokulimala kwesibindi.
• Ama-Antidepressants athile: I-Isoniazid ingasebenzisana nama-monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), okuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu.

Ngaso sonke isikhathi wazisa umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngayo yonke imithi nezithako zokudla ozithathayo.

Izinzuzo ze-Isoniazid

Izinzuzo zezokwelapha zokusebenzisa i-Isoniazid zifaka:

• Ukusebenza: Isebenza kahle kakhulu ekwelapheni i-TB esebenzayo kanye ne-cashile.
• Ukusetshenziswa Kokuvimbela: Kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuvela kwe-TB esebenzayo kubantu abasengozini enkulu.
• Ukwelapha Okuxubile: Uma isetshenziswa neminye imithi ye-TB, kunciphisa ingozi yokumelana nemithi.
• Ukuphatha Oral: Ukutholakala kwamafomu omlomo kwenza kube lula ukuwasebenzisa.

Ukuphikisana kwe-Isoniazid

Abantu abathile kufanele bagweme ukusebenzisa i-Isoniazid, okuhlanganisa:

• Abesifazane Abakhulelwe: Nakuba ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kufanele inikezwe ngokuqapha.
• Abantu Abanesifo Sesibindi: Labo abanesifo sesibindi esisebenzayo noma umlando wezinkinga zesibindi kufanele bagweme i-Isoniazid ngenxa yengozi yokuba nesifo sofuba.
• I-Alergic: Iziguli ezinesifo sokungezwani komzimba ne-Isoniazid akufanele zithathe lo muthi.

Ukuqapha Nezexwayiso

Ngaphambi kokuqala i-Isoniazid, iziguli kufanele zihlolwe ukusebenza kwesibindi, ikakhulukazi uma zinomlando wesifo sesibindi noma ziphuza utshwala njalo. Ukuqapha njalo kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ukuze kutholakale noma yiziphi izimpawu zokulimala kwesibindi kusenesikhathi. Iziguli kufanele futhi ziqaphele izimpawu ze-peripheral neuropathy futhi zibike noma yikuphi ukuqaqamba noma ukuba ndikindiki kumhlinzeki wazo wezempilo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

• Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ngiphuthelwa umthamo we-Isoniazid? Uma uphuthelwa umthamo, thatha ngokushesha lapho ukhumbula. Uma cishe sekuyisikhathi somthamo wakho olandelayo, yeqa umthamo ogejiwe futhi uqhubeke neshejuli yakho evamile. Ungaphindi umthamo.
• Ngingaphuza yini utshwala ngesikhathi ngithatha i-Isoniazid? Kunconywa ukugwema utshwala ngenkathi usebenzisa i-Isoniazid, ngoba ingandisa ingozi yokulimala kwesibindi.
• Kuyoze kube nini ngidinga ukuthatha i-Isoniazid? Isikhathi sokwelashwa siyahlukahluka. Ku-TB esebenzayo, ivame ukuthathwa izinyanga eziyi-6 kuya kweziyi-9, kanti ku-TB ecashile, ingase inikezwe izinyanga eziyi-6 kuya kweziyi-12.
• Yiziphi izimpawu zokulimala kwesibindi okufanele ngiziqaphele? Izimpawu zokulimala kwesibindi zifaka phakathi ukuphuzi kwesikhumba noma amehlo, umchamo omnyama, ukukhathala okukhulu, kanye nobuhlungu besisu. Xhumana nodokotela wakho uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu.
• Ngingayisebenzisa yini i-Isoniazid uma ngikhulelwe? I-Isoniazid ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kodwa kufanele inikezwe ngokuqapha. Xoxa ngezingozi nezinzuzo nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo.
• Ingabe i-Isoniazid iphephile ezinganeni? Yebo, i-Isoniazid iphephile ezinganeni uma inikezwe umhlinzeki wezempilo. Izilinganiso zizolungiswa ngokusekelwe esisindweni sengane.
• Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ngiba nemiphumela engemihle? Uma uhlangabezana nanoma yimiphi imiphumela emibi, ikakhulukazi emibi kakhulu, xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngokushesha ukuze uthole iseluleko.
• Ngingayisebenzisa yini eminye imithi ngesikhathi ngisebenzisa i-Isoniazid? Yazisa udokotela wakho ngayo yonke imithi oyithathayo, njengoba i-Isoniazid ingasebenzisana nemithi eminingana.
• Ingabe ngizodinga ukuhlolwa kwegazi njalo ngesikhathi ngithatha i-Isoniazid? Yebo, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi okuvamile kungadingeka ukuze kuqashwe umonakalo wesibindi ongase ube khona ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.
• Kwenzekani uma ngiyeka ukuthatha i-Isoniazid kusenesikhathi? Ukuyeka i-Isoniazid kusenesikhathi kungaholela ekwehlulekeni kokwelashwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-TB engazweli emithi. Qedela njalo inkambo enqunyiwe.

Amagama Omkhiqizo

I-Isoniazid itholakala ngaphansi kwamagama emikhiqizo eminingana, okuhlanganisa:

• I-Nydrazid
• I-Laniazid
• I-Isotamine
• I-Rifater (ihlanganiswe ne-rifampin ne-pyrazinamide)

Isiphetho

I-Isoniazid iwumuthi obalulekile ekulweni nesifo sofuba, welapha ngempumelelo kokubili izinhlobo ezisebenzayo nezicashile zesifo. Amandla ayo okuvimbela ukuqhubeka kwesifo sofuba kubantu abasengozini enkulu ayenza ithuluzi elibalulekile empilweni yomphakathi. Nakuba ngokuvamile iphephile, kubalulekile ukuqaphela imiphumela emibi engaba khona, ukusebenzisana kwemithi, kanye nokubaluleka kokunamathela ezindleleni zokwelashwa ezinqunyiwe. Njalo xhumana nomhlinzeki wezempilo ukuze uthole iseluleko esiqondene nawe kanye nokuqapha ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.