Whakamātautau Echo 2D (Echocardiography): Ngā Mea e Whakaatuhia ana, Ngā Mea Kāore e Taea, Te Tukanga me Ngā Hua

Take take

• He aha te ine: te hanganga o te ngākau, te mahi a te takirere me te whai huatanga o te papu i te wā tūturu, me te kore he irahiko.
• Ngā mea e ngaro ana i a ia: te whaiti o te uaua o te ngakau, ngā raruraru manawataki e haere mai ana, e haere atu ana, me ngā take maha o te mamae o te uma.
• Ko wai e pai ana: ngā tāngata e pāngia ana e te manawa poto, te haruru, te whakapaetia he mate manawa takirere, he mate manawa rūmātiki rānei, he ngoikore o te ngakau, he mate manawa rānei e mōhiotia ana kei te tirotirohia.
• Ka rerekē te kounga o ngā hua: Kei te kaiwhakahaere te echo, ā, ko te kounga o te ahua kei te hanga o te tinana, te mate pūkahukahu me te manawa.
• He whakamārama haumanu: He rerekē te tikanga o ngā tau kei runga i te pūrongo mō ngā tāngata rerekē, ā, ko te tākuta anake i tono i te echo ka taea te whakatakoto i aua tau ki roto i te horopaki. He rerekē ngā hua i runga i ngā āhuatanga haumanu takitahi.

I te titiro

E mohiotia ano ko

• Whakamātautau whakaata
• Te echocardiography 2D, TTE, te echo transthoracic
• Te ine i te manawa, te ine i te manawa, te ine i te oro o te manawa
• Te whakaata Doppler tae (inā whakaurua te rangahau rere Doppler)
• "Dil ka echo" i roto i te whakamahinga o ia rā o Īnia

He aha te whakamātautau whakaata 2D

Ka whakamahia e te whakamātautau whakaata 2D ngā ngaru oro auau teitei mai i tētahi ine-ā-ringa e mau ana ki te uma. Ka whakaatahia e ngā ngaru oro ngā uaua o te ngākau, ngā takirere me te toto, ā, ka hurihia e te mīhini ngā tohu e hoki mai ana ki ngā whakaahua neke-rua-ahu.

Ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau whakaata 2D i Inia e pūrongohia ana ko te "whakaata 2D me te Doppler tae". E whakaatu ana te wāhanga 2D i te hanganga me te nekehanga. Ka ine te Doppler i te tere me te ahunga o te rere o te toto, e āhei ai te aromatawai i te whaiti o te takirere, te turuturu o te takirere me ētahi pēhanga i roto i te ngākau. Tērā pea ka whakaurua hoki ngā tohu aratau-M mō ngā inenga o te rūma me te pakitara.

He aha i mahia ai te whakamātautau whakaata 2D

• Te pupuhi, te kore manawa rānei o ngā waewae: hei tirotiro i te ngoikore o te mahi papu, te mārō o ngā ventricles, te mate takirere, te wai rānei e karapoti ana i te ngākau.
• I rangona he haruru i te wā o te whakamātautau: Ko te echo te whakamātautau matua hei tautuhi i ngā whara o te takirere.
• Te mate manawa rūmātiki e whakapaetia ana, e mōhiotia ana rānei: hei aromatawai i te whai wāhi o te takirere mitral me te aorta, me te whai i tō rātou pānga i roto i te wā.
• Aromatawai mō te ngoikore o te ngākau: hei ine i te haurua pana me te tautuhi i te take hanganga matua.
• I muri i te whakaeke ngakau: hei aromatawai i te pakaru o te uaua, te nekehanga o te pakitara me ngā raruraru.
• Te whakapae he mate manawa whānau i roto i ngā tamariki me ngā pakeke.
• Te whiu, te embolism pūnaha rānei: te rapu i te pūtake o te ngākau, ahakoa he iti noa te aro o te echo transthoracic mō ngā toto totoka i te taha maui o te atrium.
• I mua i ētahi pokanga, i te chemotherapy rānei ka pā ki te uaua o te ngākau, me te wā o te arotakenga.
• Te tirotiro i te toto toto tiketike o te pūkahukahu me te aroturukitanga, hei whakatau tata noa iho.

Ko wai me whiwhi i tēnei whakamātautau

He whakamātautau ā-ringa te echo 2D, ehara i te tāpiri tirotiro hauora whānui. Whakaarohia te kōrero mō te echo ki te tākuta mēnā kei a koe ēnei āhuatanga:

• Te kore manawa i te wā e whakapau kaha ana, e takoto papatahi ana rānei, e ara ake ana rānei me te kore manawa i te pō
• Te pupuhi o te pona waewae, te puku puku rānei e kore e whakamāramatia
• He ngunguru, he hītori rānei o mua o te kirika rūmātiki, he mate manawa rūmātiki rānei kua tuhia
• Te ngoikore o te ngākau, te cardiomyopathy, te mate takirere, te takirere prosthetic rānei e hiahia ana kia tirotirohia anō
• He whakaeke ngakau o mua, he mate pukupuku atrial hou rānei kua kitea
• Ngā pāwerawera, ngā pōuri rānei ina whakapaetia he raruraru hanganga ngākau
• He hītori whānau o te cardiomyopathy tuku iho, te mate ngakau ohorere rānei
• He mate manawa whānau, he tamaiti rānei e whāngai kino ana, e tipu ngoikore ana, e tangi ana, e ngunguru ana rānei
• Te toto toto tiketike roa, te mate tākihi mau tonu, te mate huka rānei, ina whakapaetia he huringa hanganga o te ngākau i te taha haumanu.

Ehara te whakamātautau tuatahi i te echo mō te hunga katoa e mamae ana te uma, ā, kāore te aromatawai e mutu mēnā he echo noa i roto i te tangata e pāngia ana e ngā tohu.

Ngā mea kāore e taea e te whakaata 2D te kite, te ārai rānei

• Nga mate pukupuku korokoro: Kāore te whakaata 2-ahu e whakaatu i ngā uaua o te ngakau, e whakaatu rānei i ngā aukati. Kāore te whakaata okiokinga noa e ārai i te mate ngakau nui, e ārai rānei i te angina.
• Kei te haere tonu te whakaeke ngakau: Tērā pea ka whakaatu te echo i te kore e neke tika o te pakitara, engari kāore e taea te whakaū pono, te whakakore rānei i tētahi mate pūkahukahu ohorere. He mea nui tonu te ECG me te cardiac troponin.
• Ngā raruraru o te manawataki: Ehara te echo i te whakamātautau manawataki. Me whai ECG, Holter, aroturuki manawataki roa rānei mō ngā arrhythmias wā poto.
• Ngā putunga iti me ngā tipu: Ka ngaro pea i te echo transthoracic ngā tipu iti o te endocarditis pangia, ā, kāore e taea te kite tika i te āpiti atrial maui; he pai ake te echo transoesophageal mō ēnei pātai.
• Wehenga aortic: Tērā pea ka ara ake te whakapae i te tangohanga o te hihi transthoracic engari kāore e taea te whakakore pono i te pokanga. Me whakamahi he CT aortogram, he hihi transesophageal rānei.
• Ko te mate pumanawa: Tērā pea ka whakaatu te oro o te manawa matau i te taumahatanga o te ngākau i roto i ngā emboli nui, engari kāore te oro noa e tohu i te emboli pūkahukahu.
• Te pēhanga tika o te uaua pūkahukahu: Ka homai e te Doppler ngā whakatau tata kāore pea i te tika; ko te whakaurunga katitere o te ngākau matau tonu te paerewa tohutoro.
• Ngā take mamae o te uma e pā ana ki te pūkahukahu, te korokoro, te uaua me te waikawa, he mea noa ēnei, ehara i te kitenga whakaata.

Ko te kitenga "kāore i tautuhia" i roto i te pūrongo echo ko te tikanga kāore i kitea i roto i taua rangahau, ehara i te mea kāore i te kitea. Mena ka mau tonu, ka kino rānei ō tohu ahakoa he echo noa, me hoki atu ki tō tākuta.

Ngā whakamātautau e pā ana engari he rerekē

Ko tehea whakamātautau ka puta tuatahi, kei runga i te raruraru

Kāore he whakamātautau ngakau "tuatahi" whānui.

• Te mamae ohorere o te uma: Ko te ECG me te troponin ka tukuna tuatahitia; ko te echo he mea tautoko.
• Mamae o te uma i te wā e mahi ana me ngā tohu pumau: Ko te mahi e whai ake nei he whakamātautau i te hanganga o te ngakau, i te ischemia rānei, ehara i te mea he whakamātautau okiokinga anake.
• Te kore manawa, te pupuhi rānei: Ko te echo te mea matua, he maha ngā wā ka kitea tahi me te ECG, te hihi-X o te uma me te whakamātautau peptide natriuretic mēnā e wātea ana.
• He ngunguru: Ko te echo te whakamātautau tika.
• Ngā tere o te manawa, ngā ngoikore rānei: ngā ara iahiko aroturuki manawataki, me te whakaata hei tirotiro mō ngā mate hanganga.

Me pēhea te whakarite mō te whakamātautau whakaata 2D

He iti noa iho te whakarite mō te oro whakaata 2D okiokinga paerewa. He rerekē ngā tikanga i waenga i ngā hōhipera me ngā pokapū tātaritanga, ā, ko ngā tohutohu tuhituhi a tō ake wāhanga te mea nui ake i ngā tohutohu whānui.

• Clothing: kākahuria he mea korekore, he mea takirua ngā wahi; me uru atu te uma ki te wāhi e taea ai, ā, he tikanga he kākahu mō ngā wāhine.
• Te kai me te inu: Kāore e hiahiatia te nohopuku mō te oro okiokinga. He mea nui te nohopuku mō te oro transoesophageal me ētahi tikanga ahotea.
• Ngā rongoā: Me haere tonu ō rongoā kua tohua kia rite ki ngā wā katoa, ki te kore koe e kī atu i tētahi atu mea. Kaua e mutu, kaua hoki e peke i tētahi pire i a koe anō; ki te mea kua tonoa koe kia pupuri i tētahi rongoā i mua i te tangi o te ahotea, ka ahu mai taua tohutohu i te kaiwhakatakoto rongoā.
• Kawea mai: te tukunga mai, ngā pūrongo echo me te ECG o mua, ngā tuhinga angiography, ngā tuhinga pokanga rānei, me tō rārangi rongoā o nāianei.
• Kōrerotia ki te tīma mō: te hāputanga, te taputapu whakateretere, te taputapu rānei kua whakatōkia, te pokanga takirere o mua, ngā patunga, ngā takai rānei o te uma, me ngā pokanga uma tata nei.

tamariki

Ka roa ake te wā e pāngia ai ngā tamariki e te oro oro, ā, me noho tonu pea tētahi mātua ki reira, ki te whāngai, ki te whakararuraru rānei i a rātou. I ētahi wā ka whakamahia te rongoā whakamoe mō ngā tamariki kāore e tautoko ana, ā, ka whakatauhia i ia take, i ia take.

Te wa hapu

Kāore he hihi o te echo 2D a te whaea, ā, he mea noa te mahi i te wā e hapu ana mēnā he āwangawanga ngākau. He whakamātautau motuhake te echocardiography fetal e mahia ana e ngā tohunga rongoā fetal, ngā tohunga ngakau tamariki rānei, ā, ko ngā ultrasound prenatal katoa i Inia e whakahaeretia ana e te Ture PC-PNDT, 1994; e āraia ana te whakatau ira tangata e te ture.

Te mate huka i runga i te maimoatanga whakaheke huka

Kāore he hiahia mō te nohopuku i roto i te resting echo, nō reira ka haere tonu ngā kai me ngā rongoā. Mēnā ka tono tō wāhanga kia nohopuku koe mō tētahi rangahau whakakotahi, rangahau ahotea rānei, pātai atu ki te kaiwhakahau me pēhea te whakahaere i te insulin, i te sulfonylurea rānei, nā te mea ka tūpono te nohopuku me ēnei rongoā ki te hypoglycemia.

Te ngoikore o te ngākau, te mate whatukuhu matatau, te aukati wai rānei

Tērā pea he mea whakararuraru te takoto papatahi mēnā ka hemo tō manawa; me kōrero ki te kaiwhakamātautau oro, nā te mea ka taea te mahi i te nuinga o te rangahau me te tū ki tō taha, ki tō taha rānei. Mēnā kei te herea tō wai, kaua e whakanuia te inu wai mō tētahi tohutohu matawai me te kore e kōrero ki tō tākuta e rongoā ana.

Nga pakeke

Tērā pea he uaua te tahuri ki te taha maui mō te mate rumatiki, te ngoikore rānei. He mea noa te āwhina me te puhoi o te tere, ā, ka taea te whakarerekē i te whakamātautau.

Ngā mea ka tupu i te wā o te whakamātautau whakaata 2D

• Whakatūnga: E takoto ana koe i runga i te tūru, me te tahuri ki tō maui me te ringa maui e ara ake ana, e whakatata atu ai te manawa ki te pakitara o te uma.
• Ngā ira ECG: Tērā pea ka piri ngā hikohiko iti ki te uma hei wā i ngā whakaahua ki te pao o te ngakau.
• Te tiēre me te whakawhiti: Ka pania he kirikiri wai, ā, ka nekehia te taputapu tirotiro i waenganui i ngā rara, i raro i te uma me te pūtake o te kaki. He mea noa te pēhanga pakari, ā, ka kore e pai te ahua, inā koa i runga i ngā rara.
• Ngā tohutohu manawa: ka tonoa pea koe kia puta te manawa ki waho, me te pupuri mō te wā poto hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te ahua.
• Ngā oro Doppler: ka rangona e koe ngā haruru e ngunguru ana; he tohu rere toto ēnei, ehara i te mea rerekē.

Te roa: he 15-45 meneti te roa o te whakamahi i te echo 2D okiokinga paerewa me te Doppler tae, tae atu ki te tūnga me ngā inenga. Ka roa ake te wā mō ngā matapihi whakaahua uaua, te aromatawai taipitopito o te takirere, te mate ngakau whānau me ngā rangahau tamariki. Me whakarite, me aroturuki, me te wā whakaora anō hoki mō ngā rangahau echo transoesophageal me te ahotea, nō reira whakaritea he haerenga roa ake.

Te mārama ki tō pūrongo whakaata 2D

He matotoru, he hangarau hoki ngā pūrongo Echo. E whakamārama ana ngā wāhanga i raro nei i ngā kōrero e pā ana ki ngā pane matua. Kāore he tau i runga i te pūrongo e tohu ana i te mate urutā, ā, me pānui ngā inenga me ō tohumate, te whakamātautau me ētahi atu whakamātautau e te tākuta nāna i tono te echo.

Te wāhanga pupuhi o te ventricle maui (LVEF)

Ka whakatauhia e te wāhanga whakaputa te ōwehenga o te toto e tukuna ana mai i te ventricle maui i ia patunga. He whakatau tata tēnei, ehara i te ine tika, ā, ka rerekē pea i waenga i ngā kaiwhakahaere, i waenga i ngā tikanga (whakatau tata tirohanga me ngā rahinga biplane) me waenga i ngā haerenga. Ko te uara "rohe" i roto i tētahi pūrongo me te uara noa i roto i te pūrongo e whai ake nei ka whakaata pea i te rerekētanga ine, kaua ki te huringa tūturu. Me pānui ngā paepae mō te mahi noa, te mahi iti me te mahi iti ki ngā uara tohutoro i whakahuatia e tō taiwhanga pūrongo me te putanga aratohu e whakamahia ana.

Te rahi o te rūma me te matotoru o te pakitara

Ko ngā rūma whānui, ko ngā pakitara matotoru rānei, tērā pea he tohu mō te toto toto tiketike roa, te cardiomyopathy, te mate takirere, i ētahi wā rānei, he urutaunga hākinakina. Ka pāngia ngā inenga e te rahi o te tinana, he mea nui rawa atu mō ngā tūroro o Āhia ki te Tonga, nō reira ka whakamahia pinepinetia ngā uara kua tohua.

Ngā kitenga me te whakatauranga o te takirere

Ko te whaiti o te takirere (stenosis) me te turuturu (regurgitation) ka whakarōpūtia kia rite ki te iti, te ngawari, te taurite, te kino rānei. He whakatauranga whakakotahi tēnei i runga i ētahi inenga me ngā whakaahua Doppler, ā, he wāhanga takitahi, he mea whakawhirinaki ki te kawenga, ko te toto toto, te tere o te ngakau, te anemia me te wai ka neke katoa i ngā tau. Ko te regurgitation tricuspid, mitral rānei "iti" he kitenga tino noa i roto i ngā ngakau hauora, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga. He maha ngā wā ka kite ngā tūroro i tētahi tohu takirere hei mate kino; me whakamārama te tohu me te pikitia haumanu.

Te mahi diastolic

E whakaahua ana tēnei i te pai o te whakangā me te whakakī o te ventricle. He āhua ā-korekore ngā tauira kua pūrongohia, he mea awehia e te pakeketanga, te manawataki me ngā āhuatanga uta, ā, he pai ake te whakaaro he taunakitanga kotahi kaua ki te tautuhi takitahi.

Te pupuhi o te pericardial

Ka taea te whakaahua i te wai e karapoti ana i te ngākau he iti, he ngawari, he taurite, he nui rānei. Ko te hiranga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tere o te kohi me te mea kei te pēhi i te ngākau, ehara i te mea ko te rahinga anake.

Ngā pēhanga pūkahukahu

He whakatau tata noa iho te pēhanga o te uaua pūkahukahu i ahu mai i te Doppler, ehara i te pēhanga inehia, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whiwhi i te rerenga toto e tika ana. Ka taea te whakatau tata rawa, te whakatau tata rānei.

Ngā kupu e āwangawanga ai ngā tūroro i te nuinga o te wā

• "Taurangi aorta sclerotic": te matotoru, kāore he ārai nui; he mea noa i te kaumātuatanga.
• "MR/TR iti noa": he momo noa mō te nuinga o te tangata.
• "Te ngoikore o te manawa diastolic taumata I": he maha ngā wā e pā ana ki te koroheketanga, ā, ehara i te mea koinei te pūtake o ngā tohu.
• "Kāore he nekehanga pakitara ā-rohe rerekē": he mea whakamarie mō te nekehanga o te pakitara okiokinga, engari ehara i te tiwhikete whakawātea mō ngā uaua o te ngakau.

Ina he te āhua o ngā hua o te whakaata 2D

Ngā kitenga ka taea te whakanui rawa, te ripoata nui rawa rānei

• Kua piki ake te taumata turuturu o te takirere ina teitei te toto totoka, ka tere te tere o te manawa, i te wā rānei e kore e totohu te toto, e hapu ana rānei me te nui haere o te rere o te toto.
• He nui rawa te whakatau tata o ngā pēhanga pūkahukahu mai i tētahi jet Doppler kounga-kore, he koki rānei.
• Kua nui rawa te matotoru o te pakitara i roto i ngā papa whakaahua whakarara, i te wā rānei e whakaurua ana te uaua papillary.
• Te putanga mai o te wai ina he wai te ngako pericardial, te kohinga pleural rānei.

Ngā kitenga ka taea te whakaiti teka, te ngaro rānei

• Kāore i te tino tika te whakatau tata mō te haurua o te pana ina kore e hopukina te tihi tuturu (ngā tirohanga poto).
• Kāore i te tino whakatauhia te kaha o te stenosis mēnā kāore te hihi Doppler e hangai ana ki te jet, i roto rānei i ngā āhua rere iti me te mahi papu ngoikore.
• Ngā tipu iti, ngā totoka iti me ngā hapa iti o te septum i ngaro i roto i ngā matapihi transthoracic iti.
• Kua heke te rangahau katoa i roto i te emphysema me te mate pūkahukahu mau tonu, te āhua rerekē o te pakitara o te uma, te matotoru o ngā uaua o te uma, te taumaha tinana teitei ake, ngā takai pokanga, te kore e taea te takoto ki te taha, te manawataki rerekē rānei pērā i te atrial fibrillation e rerekē ai ngā uara o te patunga.

Kei te kaiwhakahaere te mana o te oro Echo. E rua ngā pūrongo mō te ngākau kotahi, he wiki te tawhiti, ka rerekē pea, engari kāore he huringa tūturu i roto i te ngākau. Mēnā he tata te whakatau, ka taea e tō tākuta ngākau te mahi anō i te rangahau, te tono i tētahi momo oro echo rerekē, te whakamahi rānei i te MRI ngākau.

Ngā mōrearea me te haumaru

Te oro whakatā 2D transthoracic

Ko te oro whakatā paerewa, kāore he hihi, kāore he ngira, kāore hoki he pānga kino ki te kiko e mōhiotia ana i ngā tautuhinga tātaritanga. Ko ngā mamae matua ko te tiēre makariri, te pēhanga o te pūwero i waenganui i ngā rara, te mumura o te kiri mai i ngā whakapiripiri ECG, me te kore manawa mēnā me takoto papatahi. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō ngā pēpi hou, te hunga hapū me ngā kaumātua.

Echocardiography ahotea

He tino mōrearea ngā pānga o te ahotea, ahakoa he onge, nā te mea kua āta pāngia te ngākau: te mamae o te uma, te arrhythmia, te huringa nui o te toto toto, me ngā mate ngākau kino o te wā. Ka mahia me te aroturuki tonu, ngā whare whakaora me te whakaaetanga motuhake. Kāore te kōtaha haumaru o te ahotea okiokinga e pā ki ngā rangahau ahotea.

Te haruru whakawhiti-esophageal

He whakaekenga kino te TEE. Ko ngā mōrearea ko te mamae o te korokoro, ngā pānga manawa me te toto toto e pā ana ki te whakangā, te toto, ā, he onge te whara o te korokoro, te poka rānei. Me nohopuku me te whakaae whaimana.

Whakarei whakarei-whakarei

He pai te aro atu ki ngā rongoā parāoa whakawhiti irahiko engari ka pā mai he uruparenga pāwera, ā, me tūpato te whakamahinga i roto i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te ngākau me te pūkahukahu. Me whakauru he cannula uaua ki ngā rangahau tote ohorere.

Nga ahuatanga motuhake

Te wa hapu

Ka whakamahia te echo o te whaea ina he nui ake te manawa i tērā e tumanakohia ana i te wā e hapu ana, he ngunguru, he mate takirere kua mōhiotia, he pokanga ngakau o mua rānei. Mā te haputanga noa ka nui ake te nui me te rere o te toto, ka taea te whakarerekē i te rahi o ngā rūma me ngā nekehanga Doppler; me pānui ngā pūrongo me te whakaaro ki tēnā. He whakamātautau motuhake te aromatawai ngakau o te pēpi, ā, kei raro i te Ture PC-PNDT, 1994 te whakahaere.

Ngā tamariki me ngā pēpi hou

He pūkenga motuhake te echo o ngā tamariki e aro ana ki te hanganga whānau. He tino pai ngā matapihi whakaahua i roto i ngā pēpi. Ko ngā kitenga pēnei i te ductus patent i roto i te pēpi hou, i te hapa septal iti rānei, me whakamāramahia e te tākuta ngakau o ngā tamariki, nā te mea he maha ngā mea e kati ana, e kore rānei e kino.

Nga pakeke

He mea noa te matotoru o te takirere e pā ana ki te koroheketanga, ngā huringa ngawari o te diastolic me te whānui ngawari o te pakiaka aorta, ehara i te mea he mate tonu. Tērā pea ka whakaitihia te kounga o te ahua e ngā herenga tūnga me ngā huringa o te pukahukahu.

Te fibrillation atrial me ngā manawataki koretake

Nā te rerekētanga o te patu i waenganui i te patu me te patu, kāore e pono ngā inenga takitahi; me whakarite he toharite mō ētahi patu, ā, kāore pea i te tino tika ngā pikinga.

Te mate tākihi mau tonu me te dialysis

He nui te pānga o te āhua o te wai ki te rahi o ngā rūma, ngā pēhanga me ngā pikinga o te takirere. Tērā pea he rerekē te āhua o ngā whakaata i mahia i mua tata atu me muri tata mai i te dialysis, nō reira me tuhi te wā.

Ko te ngoikore o te ngakau

Ka whakamahia ngā whakaata raupapa hei aroturuki i te mahi a te ventricle me te mate takirere. Ko ngā huringa iti o te wāhanga pana i waenga i ngā rangahau he rerekētanga ine pea; ko ngā whakatau maimoatanga ka ahu mai i te ia me ngā tohu.

Ngā taputapu kua whakatōkia me ngā pokanga o mua

Kāore ngā taputapu whakatere, ngā takirere hangai me ngā pokanga takirere o mua e ārai i te whakaata, engari ka whakarerekē i ngā whakaahua, ā, me mōhio te tohunga ngakau e pūrongo ana ki te hītori pokanga. Mēnā ka whakaarohia te MRI ngakau i muri mai, me aromatawai te haumaru o ngā mea tāpiri i te MRI, kaua e kiia he haumaru.

Te whakamātautau whakaata 2D i roto i te horopaki Inia

• He tohu nui tonu te mate manawa rūmātiki. I Inia, ko te echo te whakamātautau matua mō te aromatawai i te kino o te takirere mitral me te aorta i muri i te kirika rūmātiki, mō te whakamahere i te valvotomy poihau, te pokanga rānei, me te whai ake. Ko te hunga kua pāngia e te kirika rūmātiki me te manawa hou, me aromatawai, kaua e whakamarietia e tētahi pūrongo tawhito.
• He mea noa te kore toto, ā, ka pā tēnei ki te pūrongo. Ka whakanuia e te anemia ngoikore-rino me te thalassemia trait te putanga o te ngakau, ka nui ake ai ngā ngunguru rere, ā, ka kitea nuitia ake ngā gradients Doppler me ngā turuturu takirere i tō rātou āhua kua whakatikatikaina.
• Te mate pākia o te tinana i te BMI iti iho. Ka pāngia ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Tonga e te toto toto tiketike, te mate huka me ngā huringa hanganga o te ngākau i te iti o te taumaha o te tinana, nō reira kāore te āhua "noa" e tohu i te kore e taea te mate ngākau.
• Ngā kupu ka rangona e koe i te rohe: "whakamātautau ako", "ako Doppler tae", "sonography o te ngākau", "ako 2D me te Doppler". He tikanga ēnei e pā ana ki te rangahau transthoracic okiokinga kotahi.
• Ture whakaahua i mua i te whānautanga: Ko ngā whakamātautau ultrasound katoa e mahia ana i te wā e hapū ana, tae atu ki te echocardiography fetal, kei raro i te Ture PC-PNDT, 1994. He ture kore te whakatau, te whakaatu rānei i te ira o te kukune.
• Pānuitanga me ngā kereme: Ko ngā kereme whakatairanga mō ngā whakamātautau tātaritanga i Inia e herea ana e te Drugs and Magic Remedies (Probjectionable Advertising) Act, 1954, me ngā tikanga whanonga ngaio. Kia tūpato ki ngā mōkihi e oati ana ki te "whakakore i te mate ngakau" me te whakautu noa iho.
• Matatapu Raraunga: He raraunga hauora tairongo ngā whakaahua me ngā pūrongo whakaata; ko te whakahaere i ngā raraunga whaiaro e ngā hōhipera me ngā pokapū tātaritanga i Inia kei raro i te Ture Tiaki Raraunga Whaiaro Mamati, 2023.

Te utu me te inihua i Inia

Ko te whakamātautau whakaahua ngākau 2D okioki me te Doppler tae tētahi o ngā whakamātautau whakaahua ngākau iti ake te utu, he iti ake te utu i te CT coronary angiography, i te cardiac MRI rānei. He rerekē ngā utu i waenga i ngā tāone, i waenga i ngā whare kāwanatanga me ngā whare tūmataiti, me waenga i ngā pokapū tātaritanga takitahi me ngā hōhipera tuatoru. Pātaihia te utu o nāianei i te wā e tuhi ana koe; ko ngā tatauranga katoa e whakahuatia ana i runga ipurangi he tohu noa iho, ā, kāore pea e whakaata i te utu ka utua koe.

Ngā āhuatanga e whakarerekē ana i te utu:

• Te momo rangahau, te echo 2D okiokinga me te echo ahotea, te echo transoesophageal, te echo 3D, te echo rerekē, te echocardiography fetal rānei, e haere tonu ana te nui haere o ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana.
• Ahakoa ka whakahaerehia, ka ripoatahia hoki e te taote ngakau te rangahau e te tangata takitahi
• Te whakaata i roto i te tūroro, te ohorere, te taha moenga, te ICU rānei, me te whakataurite ki te rangahau o waho kua whakaritea
• Te taumata o te tāone me te momo whare, me te tūnga whakamanatanga
• Ngā rangahau tamariki me ngā rangahau whānau, e roa ake ana te wā
• He kete tirotiro hauora, he kete ngakau rānei, tae atu ki te ECG, te whakamātautau mīhini o te rīpene me te kōrero tahi
• Ngā hekenga utu mō ngā akoranga tuarua, ā muri rānei, mēnā e tukuna ana

Inihuarangi: ko ngā whakamātautau tātaritanga e mahia ana hei tirotiro ā-waho anake, kāore e utua i raro i ngā kaupapa here hauora paerewa mēnā kāore i roto i te kaupapa here ngā painga ā-waho, ngā painga tātaritanga rānei. Ko te mahi i te wā e noho ana i te hōhipera kua hipokina, he wāhanga tonu o te kereme. He rerekē te kapinga i raro i ngā kaupapa kāwanatanga me ngā mahere a te kaituku mahi. Whakaū ki tō kaiinihua, ki te tēpu inihua rānei o te hōhipera i mua i te whakamātautau, ā, puritia te whakahaunga me te pūrongo mō tētahi kereme.

Ngā pūrākau me ngā meka

Pātai auau

He mamae te whakaata 2D?

Kāore te nuinga o te tangata e mamae ana i te oro 2D e okioki ana. He mātao te āhua o te tiēre, ā, kua pēhia te taputapu i waenganui i ngā rara, he mea ngawari pea tēnei, inā koa mēnā he mamae tō uma, he kikokore rānei koe. Mēnā ka kore e pai te pēhanga, me kī atu ki te kaiwhakamātautau oro, ka taea hoki te whakarerekē i te koki.

Kia pēhea te roa o te wā e pau ana mō te whakaata 2D mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga?

Ko te roa o te matawai tonu he 15-45 meneti pea. Tāpirihia he wā mō te rēhita, te whakarerekē me te tatari. Ka roa ake te wā mō ngā rangahau whānau, tamariki me ngā rangahau uaua hangarau, ā, me aroturuki me te whakaora i te ahotea, te echo transoesophageal rānei, ka taea te whakaroa i te haerenga ki ētahi haora.

Ka taea e te whakaata 2-ahu te kite i tētahi uaua kua āraia, te tohu rānei i tētahi mate manawa?

Kāo. Kāore te whakaata 2D okioki e whakaatu i ngā uaua o te ngākau, ā, kāore e taea te tohu i te whakaekenga ngākau ā muri ake nei. Tērā pea ka whakaatu i te kino o ngā uaua mai i tētahi whakaekenga o mua. Mēnā kei te whakapaehia he mate ngākau, ka whiriwhiri tō tākuta i tētahi whakamātautau ischemia, i tētahi whakaahua ngākau rānei, kaua e whakawhirinaki ki te whakaata.

Me nohopuku ahau i mua i te whakaata 2D?

Kāore e hiahiatia te nohopuku mō te resting echo. He mea nui te nohopuku mō te transoesophageal echo me ētahi tikanga ahotea. Whāia ngā tohutohu tuhituhi mai i tō ake wāhanga, ā, ki te tango koe i te insulin, i ētahi atu rongoā whakaheke huka rānei, pātai atu ki te kaiwhakahau me pēhea te whakahaere i aua rongoā mēnā ka tonoa he nohopuku.

He rite tonu te whakaata 2D ki te ECG?

Kāo. Ka tuhia e te ECG ngā mahi hiko o te ngākau i roto i ētahi meneti, ā, ka whakaatuhia te manawataki me ētahi tauira ischaemic, ischaemic rānei. Ka puta he whakaahua nekeneke o te hanganga me te mahi papu i roto i te echo 2D. Ka whakautua e ngā whakamātautau e rua ngā pātai rerekē, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakaritea ngātahitia.

Āhea ahau ka whiwhi i taku pūrongo echo, ā, mehemea he rerekē?

Ko te wā e tukuna ai te pūrongo ka whakawhirinaki ki te whare hauora me te arotakenga a te tākuta ngakau i ngā whakaahua i taua wā anō. Ko te kitenga rerekē he tīmatanga, ehara i te whakatau: ka paunatia e tō tākuta ki ō tohu me te whakamātautau, ā, ka taea e ia te whakahoki anō i te echo, te tāpiri i ētahi atu whakamātautau, te tīmata rānei i te maimoatanga.

Me whiwhi au i te whakaata 2D i roto i tētahi tirotiro hauora o ia rā?

He tino whai hua te Echo ina he pātai motuhake, he manawa poto, he ngunguru, he mate ngakau e mōhiotia ana, he ECG rerekē. Mō te hunga kāore he tohu, he tohu rānei, ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta he kitenga tūpono noa iho mā te tirotiro echo auau. Kōrerohia ki te tākuta mēnā he pānga pai tō te echo ki tō āhuatanga.

Kia pēhea te auau o te mahi i tētahi echo whai muri?

Ko te auau o te mate ka whakawhirinaki ki te āhua me tōna kaha. Tērā pea ka arotakehia te mate takirere ngawari, pumau i ngā wā roa; me tirotirohia tata atu ngā mate takirere kino, te cardiomyopathy, te mate pukupuku rānei e pā ana ki te ngākau. Ko tō tākuta ngākau anake ka taea te whakarite i te wā, i runga i tō rangahau whakamutunga me ngā tohu o nāianei.

Ka taea e au te taraiwa me te hoki ki te mahi i muri i te whakaata 2D?

I muri i te oro whakatā, ka taea e koe te hoki anō ki ngā mahi o ia rā, te taraiwa me te mahi tonu; kāore he wā whakaora. I muri i te oro transoesophageal me te whakamoe, kaua e taraiwa, ā, me whai hoa haere koe. Me tirotiro te oro ahotea i mua i tō wehenga atu.

Rauemi

• Te Rōpū Whakamārama Karapa o Amerika, ngā aratohu mō te ine i te nui o te ruma, te regurgitation valvular me te aromatawai stenosis [Whakaūhia te putanga o nāianei, ME MANATOKO]
• Te Rōpū Whakaata o te Ngākau o Ūropi, ngā taunakitanga mō te echocardiography transthoracic, stress me te transoesophageal [Whakaūhia te putanga o nāianei, ME MANATOKO]
• Ngā aratohu a te Rōpū Karaipiture o Ūropi / te Kāreti Karaipiture o Amerika mō te ngoikore o te ngakau me te mate manawa takirere [Whakaūhia te putanga o nāianei, ME MANATOKO]
• He aratohu nā te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao mō te kirika rūmātiki