GI Cancer Treatment in Hyderabad

Advanced Gastrointestinal Oncology Care with Expertise, Innovation, and Compassion

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a collective term for cancers that affect the digestive system, including the oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, and rectum. GI cancers rank among the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide and are a leading cause of cancer-related deaths each year. (ref.)

Early diagnosis and timely access to specialised oncology care can significantly improve survival and recovery. Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad is at the forefront of cancer treatment, offering state-of-the-art diagnostic precision, a collaborative team of specialist oncologists, and compassionate patient care throughout every phase of therapy.
 

Understanding GI Cancer

GI cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the digestive organs. While these cancers vary by location, they often share similar symptoms and are diagnosed using comparable methods. Because the digestive system is essential for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, cancers in this region can have a significant impact on overall health.

Cancer can develop in any part of the GI tract. The most common types include:
 

• Oesophageal cancer: Develops in the oesophagus, the muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. Risk factors include chronic acid reflux, smoking, and alcohol use.
• Stomach (gastric) cancer: Originates in the stomach lining and can spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. It is often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection and dietary factors.
• Colorectal cancer: Begins in the colon or rectum, frequently arising from precancerous polyps on the intestinal lining. It is one of the most preventable GI cancers through regular screening.
• Liver cancer: Starts in the liver cells. It may be primary (originating in the liver) or secondary (metastasised from another organ). Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis are major risk factors.
• Pancreatic cancer: Develops in the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes and regulating blood sugar. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to subtle early symptoms.

Each type of GI cancer has unique characteristics. Treatment plans are tailored to the individual patient based on cancer type, stage, location, and overall health.
 

What Causes GI Cancer and Who Is at Risk

Gastrointestinal cancers affect both men and women across all backgrounds. While the exact cause is not always known, several factors can increase the likelihood of developing these cancers. Being aware of your personal risk profile can guide timely screening and preventive action.
 

Key risk factors include:

• Age: The risk of GI cancers increases significantly after age 50, though younger individuals with genetic predispositions or lifestyle risks may also be affected.
• Diet: A diet high in processed foods, red meat, and smoked or salted foods combined with low intake of fruits, vegetables, and fibre is associated with increased risk, particularly for colorectal and stomach cancers.
• Smoking and alcohol: Tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption are strongly linked to cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas. The risk multiplies when both habits are combined.
• Obesity and physical inactivity: Excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle raise the risk of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Regular physical activity has been shown to lower risk.
• Family history and genetics: Inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and BRCA mutations can significantly elevate risk. A family history of GI cancers especially in first-degree relatives warrants earlier and more frequent screening.
• Chronic infections: Hepatitis B and C viruses increase liver cancer risk, while Helicobacter pylori infection is a known cause of stomach cancer. These infections are often treatable or preventable.
• Pre-existing conditions: Conditions such as colorectal polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), Barrett's oesophagus, chronic pancreatitis, and liver cirrhosis can increase susceptibility to GI cancers over time.

Having one or more risk factors does not mean you will develop cancer. However, understanding your risk empowers you to take preventive steps such as adopting a healthier lifestyle, managing chronic conditions, and scheduling regular screenings that can detect cancer early when treatment is most effective.
 

Symptoms to Watch Out For

GI cancer symptoms vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Many early-stage GI cancers cause no symptoms at all, which is why screening is so important. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
 

• Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort: Ongoing pain, cramping, or bloating that does not resolve with usual treatments
• Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without changes in diet or exercise, often accompanied by fatigue or weakness
• Changes in bowel habits: Persistent constipation, diarrhoea, narrowing of stool, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation lasting more than a few weeks
• Blood in stool or rectal bleeding: Bright red blood or dark, tarry stools may indicate colorectal or stomach cancer
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): Food feeling stuck in the throat or chest, or pain while swallowing common in oesophageal cancer
• Persistent indigestion or heartburn: Chronic acid reflux or discomfort that does not respond to medication
• Loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting: Especially if accompanied by unintended weight loss or vomiting blood
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin or eyes, dark urine, and pale stools often associated with liver, gallbladder, or pancreatic cancers
• Early satiety: Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food, which may indicate stomach cancer

These symptoms are often mistaken for common digestive issues and dismissed. However, if any of these signs persist for more than two weeks, worsen over time, or occur alongside other warning signs, consult a gastroenterologist or oncologist without delay. Early evaluation can make a critical difference in outcomes.
 

Diagnosis and Screening

Early detection is the single most important factor in successful GI cancer treatment. When cancer is identified at an early stage, treatment options are broader and outcomes are significantly better. Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad offers a comprehensive range of advanced diagnostic techniques to ensure accurate and timely diagnosis.

Endoscopic procedures:

• upper GI endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is passed through the mouth to examine the oesophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy.
• Colonoscopy: The gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer, this procedure examines the entire colon and rectum and allows removal of precancerous polyps.
• Sigmoidoscopy: Examines the lower portion of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum.
• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): Combines endoscopy with ultrasound to evaluate tumour depth and nearby lymph nodes, particularly useful for staging oesophageal, stomach, and pancreatic cancers.

Advanced imaging:

• CT scan (Computed Tomography): Provides detailed cross-sectional images to detect tumours, assess spread, and guide treatment planning.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Offers high-resolution images of soft tissues, especially useful for liver and rectal cancers.
• PET-CT scan: Combines metabolic and anatomical imaging to detect cancer spread throughout the body and evaluate treatment response.
• FDG PET-CT: Employs a glucose-based tracer to detect active cancer cells and is the most commonly used for staging and restaging GI cancers.
• FAPI PET-CT: New imaging modality with potentially superior tumour visualisation, especially in cases where traditional imaging is negative, in selected GI cancer.
• Ultrasound: Used to examine the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; also guides needle biopsies.
• GI Pathology and Molecular Testing: Following a biopsy, tumour tissue is examined by specialised GI pathologists to confirm the diagnosis. Molecular and genetic testing are then performed to identify specific markers that can help physicians select the optimal, tailored treatment for each patient.
• Genomics and Biomarker Testing: Advanced testing identifies unique characteristics of a tumour, enabling doctors to personalise treatment and consider targeted or immunotherapy options.

Laboratory tests:

• Tumour markers: Blood tests measuring specific proteins such as CEA (colorectal), CA 19-9 (pancreatic), and AFP (liver) can support diagnosis and monitor treatment response.
• Liver function tests: Assess liver health and detect abnormalities that may indicate liver cancer or metastasis.
• Genetic and molecular testing: Identifies mutations (KRAS, BRAF, MSI, HER2) that guide targeted therapy decisions.

Biopsy and Histopathology: A biopsy is a straightforward and necessary procedure to determine whether a lump is cancerous. A small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken during an endoscopy, image-guided needle biopsy or at the time of surgery. It is reviewed under a microscope by an experienced GI expert. This test provides doctors with a clear picture of the type of cancer the patient has, its aggressiveness, and which treatment regimens are likely to be most effective.
 

Who should be screened?

Regular screening is strongly recommended for individuals who:

• Are aged 45 or older (screening age has been lowered from 50 in recent guidelines)
• Have a family history of colorectal, stomach, or other GI cancers
• Have chronic liver disease, fatty liver, hepatitis B or C, or liver cirrhosis.
• Have chronic conditions including long-standing acidity, inflammatory bowel disease, or Barrett’s oesophagus.
• Have chronic hepatitis B or C infection.

If you fall into any of these categories, speak with your doctor about a personalised screening plan. Early screening saves lives.
 

Comprehensive GI Cancer Treatment Approach

Surgical Oncology

Surgery is the primary curative treatment for most GI cancers. Our surgical oncology team combines advanced techniques with precision planning to achieve the best possible outcomes while minimising patient discomfort.

• Minimally invasive surgery: Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted procedures offer smaller incisions, reduced blood loss, less post-operative pain, and faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. These techniques are used wherever appropriate based on tumour location and stage.
• Organ-preserving and anatomical resections: Expertly planned surgeries for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and colon/rectum that remove the tumour with clear margins while preserving maximum healthy tissue and organ function.
• Complex resections with reconstruction: For locally advanced cancers, our surgeons perform extensive resections including multi-organ procedures when necessary followed by reconstruction to restore digestive continuity and function.
• Lymph node dissection and mapping: Systematic removal and pathological examination of regional lymph nodes ensure accurate cancer staging, reduce the risk of recurrence, and improve long-term survival.
• Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS): Evidence-based perioperative protocols that optimise nutrition, pain control, and early mobilisation resulting in reduced nausea, shorter hospital stays, and quicker return to daily activities.
• Integrated perioperative care: Seamless coordination among anaesthesia, critical care, and nursing teams ensures patient safety throughout the surgical journey, from preoperative assessment to postoperative recovery.
   

Medical Oncology

Medical oncology focuses on systemic treatments therapies that travel through the bloodstream to target cancer cells throughout the body. Our medical oncologists design individualised treatment plans based on cancer type, stage, molecular profile, and each patient's overall health.

• Chemotherapy: Tailored drug regimens using the most effective combinations for each type of GI cancer. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumours, after surgery (adjuvant) to eliminate remaining cancer cells, or as the primary treatment for advanced disease.
• Targeted therapy: Precision treatments that attack specific molecular abnormalities driving cancer growth. Based on comprehensive tumour profiling, we target markers such as HER2, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, NTRK, and others offering more effective treatment with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy alone.
• Immunotherapy: Advanced immune checkpoint inhibitors (such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors) that help the body's own immune system recognise and destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy has transformed outcomes for patients with specific GI cancers, including those with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumours.
• Day-care chemotherapy units: Comfortable outpatient treatment facilities where most systemic therapies are administered. Our dedicated oncology nurses provide expert care, proactive symptom management, and support throughout each treatment session.
• Adaptive treatment and precision medicine: Cancer treatment is not static. We continuously monitor treatment response through imaging, tumour markers, and molecular testing adjusting therapy as needed to stay ahead of the disease and respond to changes in tumour biology.
   

Radiation Oncology

Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells or prevent them from growing. In GI cancers, radiation may be used as a primary treatment, in combination with surgery and chemotherapy, or for symptom relief in advanced disease. Our radiation oncologists use the most advanced technologies to deliver precise, effective treatment while protecting surrounding healthy tissues.

• Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT): Real-time imaging during treatment ensures the radiation beam is accurately targeted to the tumour, accounting for any movement or changes in tumour position. This precision minimises exposure to nearby organs such as the liver, kidneys, and bowel.
• Advanced delivery techniques: Techniques such as Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) allow high-precision radiation delivery to tumours while protecting nearby healthy organs, particularly useful for liver and pancreatic cancers.
• Neoadjuvant radiation (before surgery): To shrink tumours to favour complete resection.
• Adjuvant radiation (postop): Destroys any remaining cancer cells within the body and lowers the risk.
• Chemoradiation: A fusion of chemotherapy and radiation to enhance the efficacy of treatment in some GI cancers.
• Palliative radiation: For advanced or metastatic disease, radiation provides effective relief from symptoms such as pain, bleeding, and obstruction- improving quality of life.
   

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Interventional Gastroenterology and Interventional Radiology

Interventional procedures offer minimally invasive alternatives for both diagnosis and treatment of GI cancers. These techniques often avoid the need for major surgery, reduce recovery time, and can provide effective treatment or symptom relief for patients who may not be candidates for traditional surgery.
 

Interventional Gastroenterology:

Interventional gastroenterology is the practice of using endoscopic techniques for diagnosis, treatment and palliation of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.

• Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy: Flexible endoscopes allow direct visualisation of the GI tract for early detection and treatment of suspicious lesions. Therapeutic applications include removal of precancerous polyps, early-stage tumour resection, control of bleeding (haemostasis), and placement of stents to relieve obstructions.
• ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): Commonly performed to relieve bile duct obstruction in cancers of the pancreas, liver, or bile ducts. Stent placement helps reduce jaundice, improve liver function, and relieve symptoms.
• EUS (Endoscopic Ultrasound): Combines endoscopy with ultrasound imaging to provide detailed views of the GI tract wall and surrounding structures. EUS is invaluable for accurate staging of oesophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers, and enables fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for tissue sampling from tumours and lymph nodes.
• ERCP with stent placement: To bypass a bile duct obstruction due to cancer of the pancreas, liver or bile duct. Stent insertion can alleviate jaundice, improve liver function and relieve symptoms.
• PTBD stent placement: When endoscopic stent placement is not possible, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage can be used to drain obstructed bile ducts and treat associated infection and jaundice.
• Embolisation procedures: In selected cases, minimally invasive measures are utilised to decrease blood flow to tumours, offering some control over symptoms and the course of the disease.
   

Interventional Radiology:

Interventional radiology employs image-guided, minimally invasive techniques to manage GI cancers, palliating symptoms and complementing surgical and medical regimens.

• Tumour ablation techniques: Image-guided methods used to destroy selected tumours without open surgery.
• Liver Cancer – Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) Approach: Treatment of liver cancer is coordinated in an MDT with liver surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, hepatologists and interventional radiologists and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, interventional treatments and transplantation as suitable.
• Embolisation therapies (TACE/TARE): Loco-regional treatments employed in liver cancer that cut off the blood supply to the tumour or send radiation directly to the tumour, and can, in some cases, shrink a tumour or ease symptoms.
• Portal vein embolisation (PVE): A preparatory procedure that blocks blood flow to the portion of the liver containing the tumour, causing the healthy portion to grow larger. This enables safer major liver resections by ensuring adequate liver function after surgery.
• Percutaneous biliary drainage: Image-guided placement of catheters or stents to relieve bile duct obstructions caused by tumours, alleviating jaundice and improving liver function.
   

Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

Accurate imaging is fundamental to every stage of GI cancer care from initial detection and staging to treatment planning, response assessment, and long-term surveillance. Our radiology and nuclear medicine teams work closely with oncologists to provide timely, precise imaging that guides clinical decisions.
 

Diagnostic Imaging:

• CT scan (Computed Tomography): High-resolution cross-sectional imaging that provides detailed views of the GI organs and surrounding structures. CT is essential for detecting tumours, evaluating their size and extent, identifying lymph node involvement, and detecting spread to other organs. CT angiography also maps blood vessel anatomy for surgical planning.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Offers superior soft-tissue contrast without radiation exposure. MRI is particularly valuable for:
  • Liver lesions: Characterising tumours and distinguishing benign from malignant lesions
  • Rectal cancer: Assessing tumour depth, lymph node status, and relationship to surrounding structures for surgical planning
  • Pancreatic and biliary tumours: Evaluating local extent and vascular involvement
• Ultrasound: A non-invasive, radiation-free imaging tool for initial evaluation of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and abdominal organs. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) improves characterisation of liver lesions and can guide biopsies and ablation procedures.
   

Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging:

• PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography-CT): Combines metabolic imaging with anatomical CT to detect cancer activity throughout the body. PET-CT is invaluable for:
  • Staging: Identifying distant metastases that may not be visible on conventional imaging
  • Treatment response: Assessing how well the cancer is responding to chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy
  • Recurrence detection: Differentiating scar tissue from active cancer during follow-up.
• Theranostics: In certain situations, tailored radiation therapy and sophisticated imaging can be used to administer treatments directly to cancer cells while limiting harm to healthy tissues.

Integrated Reporting and Multidisciplinary Review:

• Rapid turnaround: Imaging reports are delivered promptly to ensure timely treatment decisions, with urgent findings communicated directly to the treating team.
• Tumour board collaboration: Radiologists participate in multidisciplinary tumour board meetings, presenting and discussing imaging findings alongside oncologists, surgeons, and pathologists to develop comprehensive treatment plans.
• Standardised reporting: Structured reporting protocols ensure consistent, complete communication of findings critical for staging and treatment planning.

Pathology and Molecular Genetics

Accurate pathological diagnosis is the foundation of effective cancer treatment. Our pathology and molecular genetics team provides precise diagnosis, detailed tumour characterisation, and genetic insights that guide personalised treatment decisions.

Histopathology and Tumour Assessment:

• Expert GI pathologists: Our pathologists specialise in gastrointestinal cancers, ensuring accurate identification of tumour type, histological subtype, and grade (the extent to which the cells appear abnormal and how quickly they are likely to grow).
• Surgical margin assessment: Careful examination of tissue edges after surgery to confirm complete tumour removal. Clear margins (no cancer cells at the edges) are critical for reducing the risk of recurrence.
• Lymph node evaluation: Microscopic examination of removed lymph nodes to detect cancer spread, which directly influences staging and treatment planning.
• Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Special staining techniques that identify specific proteins on cancer cells, helping to classify tumours and determine eligibility for targeted therapies.
   

Molecular Testing and Genomic Profiling:

Molecular and genetic tests help doctors understand how a cancer behaves and which treatments are most likely to work.

• Biomarker testing
• Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
• Liquid biopsy
   

Genetic Counselling and Hereditary Cancer Assessment:

• Hereditary cancer syndromes: Some GI cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations. Our genetic counsellors help identify patients who may have:
  • Lynch syndrome (Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer): Increases risk of colorectal, stomach, and other cancers
  • Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP): Causes hundreds of polyps and very high colorectal cancer risk
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Associated with GI polyps and increased cancer risk
  • Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC): Linked to CDH1 gene mutations
• Family risk assessment: Evaluation of family history to identify individuals who may benefit from genetic testing and enhanced surveillance.
• Cascade testing: When a hereditary mutation is identified, testing is offered to at-risk family members, enabling early detection and preventive measures.

Anaesthesia & Critical Care

• GI-specific anaesthesia guidelines for complicated abdominal and liver surgeries.
• To have a smooth recovery, advanced pain-control methods such as epidurals and nerve blocks are used.
• Complex ICU serving high-risk or critical cancer operations, and good infection-control and early-mobilisation pathway.
   

Rehabilitation, Nutrition & Supportive Care

• Physiotherapy for mobility, abdominal strength and post-surgery recovery.
• Special clinical nutrition to control weight loss, digestion problems and nutritional deficiency, attending to treatment.
• Nausea, fatigue, bowel irregularities, and appetite loss. Pain and symptom-management specialists.
• Psycho-oncology counselling and support groups for emotional wellbeing.
   

Nursing & Care Navigation

• Nurse navigators who help with appointments, tests and treatment schedules.
• Clear guidance on medications, feeding care (when needed), ostomy care and side-effect management.
• 24-hour hotline regarding urgent issues

Clinical Trials and Second Opinions

Access to the latest advances in cancer treatment and expert review of complex cases can make a significant difference in outcomes. Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad offers patients the opportunity to participate in clinical trials and obtain comprehensive second opinions from our multidisciplinary team.

Clinical Trials:

• Access to innovative therapies: Clinical trials offer eligible patients access to new treatments including novel drugs, immunotherapies, targeted agents, and combination regimens before they become widely available. For patients with advanced or difficult-to-treat GI cancers, trials may provide options when standard treatments are no longer effective.
• Rigorous scientific standards: All clinical trials follow strict ethical guidelines and regulatory oversight to ensure patient safety. Participation is voluntary, and patients receive detailed information about potential benefits and risks before enrolling.
• Types of trials available: Depending on eligibility, patients may access:
  • Phase I trials: Evaluate new treatments for safety and dosing
  • Phase II trials: Assess effectiveness in specific cancer types
  • Phase III trials: Compare new treatments against the current standard of care
  • Biomarker-driven trials: Match patients to therapies based on specific molecular characteristics of their tumour
• Trial coordination: Our dedicated research team assists with eligibility screening, enrolment, and ongoing monitoring throughout trial participation, ensuring patients receive comprehensive support.

Second Opinions:

• Multidisciplinary tumour board review: Complex or unclear cases are presented to our tumour board a panel of specialists including surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and other experts. This collaborative review ensures that all treatment options are considered and that recommendations reflect the latest evidence and combined expertise.
• When to seek a second opinion: A second opinion may be valuable when:
  • You have a rare or uncommon GI cancer
  • The diagnosis is uncertain or complex
  • You are considering major surgery or aggressive treatment
  • Standard treatments have not been effective
  • You want confirmation or reassurance about your treatment plan
• What to expect: Our team reviews all available records, imaging, and pathology including obtaining fresh pathology review if needed. You will receive a comprehensive written report with clear recommendations, which can be shared with your primary oncologist.
• Seamless coordination: Whether you choose to continue care at Apollo Hospitals or return to your referring physician, we ensure smooth communication and transfer of information to support continuity of care.

Evidence-Based Care:

• International guideline adherence: All treatment recommendations whether through standard care, clinical trials, or second opinions are grounded in the latest international guidelines from bodies such as NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network), ESMO (European Society for Medical Oncology), and other leading oncology organisations.
• Personalised recommendations: Guidelines are adapted to each patient's unique circumstances, including tumour characteristics, overall health, personal preferences, and available resources.
   

Our Care Process - Designed to Move Fast

• Consultations and necessary diagnostic tests should be scheduled for the same week to prevent delays.
• A multidisciplinary tumour board reviews all cases to arrive at a single treatment plan.
• Clear and straightforward talks on surgical, medical, and radiation therapy.
• A care navigator who will coordinate appointments, reports and follow-ups.
• Direct support channels for urgent concerns so patients never feel uncertain or unsupported.

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Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad is a leading destination for comprehensive GI cancer care, combining clinical excellence, advanced technology, and compassionate support to deliver the best possible outcomes for every patient.

Expert Multidisciplinary Team: Our GI cancer programme brings together highly experienced specialists across all disciplines surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, gastroenterologists, interventional radiologists, pathologists, and supportive care experts. This collaborative approach ensures that every patient benefits from the collective expertise of the entire team, with treatment plans developed through multidisciplinary tumour board discussions.

State-of-the-Art Technology: We invest in the latest diagnostic and treatment technologies to ensure precision and safety:

• Advanced imaging, including high-resolution CT, MRI, and PET-CT for accurate staging
• Minimally invasive and robotic-assisted surgical systems for faster recovery
• Modern radiation therapy platforms (IMRT, VMAT, IGRT) for targeted treatment with minimal side effects
• Comprehensive molecular diagnostics and genomic profiling to guide personalised therapy

Personalised Treatment Plans: No two cancers are alike. We develop individualised treatment strategies based on your specific cancer type, stage, molecular profile, overall health, and personal preferences. From diagnosis through survivorship, your care plan evolves with you guided by the latest evidence and regular multidisciplinary review.

Holistic Support Services: Cancer treatment extends beyond medical intervention. Our comprehensive support services include:

• Clinical nutrition to maintain strength and manage digestive changes
• Physiotherapy and rehabilitation for optimal recovery
• Pain and symptom management specialists
• Psycho-oncology services for emotional well-being
• Dedicated nurse navigators to coordinate your care journey

Patient-Centred Care:

• Fast-track diagnostics: Consultations, tests, and tumour board review are scheduled promptly to minimise delays
• Clear communication: Honest, straight forward discussions about your diagnosis, options, and what to expect
• 24/7 support: Round-the-clock access to our care team for urgent concerns
• Family involvement: We encourage family participation in care decisions and provide support for caregivers

Proven Outcomes: Our commitment to quality is reflected in our outcomes. We follow international treatment guidelines (NCCN, ESMO), participate in clinical audits, and continuously strive to improve survival rates, quality of life, and patient satisfaction.

A diagnosis of GI cancer can feel overwhelming, but advances in modern medicine have transformed what is possible. With early detection, precise treatment, and comprehensive support, many patients achieve excellent outcomes and return to fulfilling lives.

If you have risk factors for GI cancer or are experiencing persistent digestive symptoms, do not delay seeking medical advice. Early consultation can make a life-saving difference. Our team is here to guide you through every step from diagnosis to recovery and beyond.
 

Section 10: FAQs

Frequently Asked Questions

Understanding Your Diagnosis

Q1. What types of GI cancers are most common? 

The most common gastrointestinal cancers include colorectal cancer (colon and rectum), stomach (gastric) cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and oesophageal cancer. Each type has distinct characteristics, risk factors, and treatment approaches. Less common GI cancers include gallbladder cancer, small intestine cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Your oncology team will explain the specific features of your cancer and how they influence your treatment plan.
 

Q2. Are GI cancers hereditary? 

Most GI cancers (approximately 90–95%) are not inherited—they develop due to lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, chronic conditions, or random genetic mutations that accumulate over time. However, about 5–10% of GI cancers are linked to inherited gene mutations that significantly increase cancer risk. Hereditary syndromes associated with GI cancers include:

• Lynch syndrome: Increases risk of colorectal, stomach, and other cancers
• Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): Causes hundreds of colon polyps with very high colorectal cancer risk
• Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC): Linked to CDH1 gene mutations, causing stomach cancer
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Associated with GI polyps and increased cancer risk

If multiple family members have had GI cancers (especially first-degree relatives such as parents, siblings, or children), or if cancer occurred at a young age, genetic counselling and testing may be recommended for you and your family.
 

Q3. Should my family members be screened if I have a hereditary GI cancer syndrome? 

Yes. If you are diagnosed with a hereditary cancer syndrome, your close family members may also carry the same genetic mutation. This is called cascade testing. Identifying at-risk family members allows them to undergo enhanced surveillance (more frequent or earlier screening) or consider preventive measures, potentially catching cancer at an early, curable stage or preventing it altogether. Our genetic counsellors can guide your family through this process.
 

Surgical Oncology

Q4. Will I need surgery for my GI cancer? 

Surgery is the primary curative treatment for most GI cancers when the tumour can be completely removed. Whether you need surgery depends on the cancer type, stage, location, and your overall health. Some early-stage cancers can be removed through minimally invasive endoscopic procedures without traditional surgery. In advanced cases, surgery may be combined with chemotherapy and/or radiation (before or after) for the best outcome. Your surgical oncologist will discuss whether surgery is appropriate and what approach is recommended.
 

Q5. What is the difference between open surgery and minimally invasive surgery?

• Open surgery: A single larger incision is made to access the tumour directly. This traditional approach may be necessary for large or complex tumours.
• Minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic or robotic-assisted): Several small incisions are made, and specialised instruments with a camera are used to perform the operation. Benefits include less post-operative pain, reduced blood loss, smaller scars, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery.

Our surgical team uses minimally invasive techniques whenever appropriate, based on tumour size, location, and stage. The goal is always to complete cancer removal with the best possible recovery.
 

Q6. What does "clear margins" mean after surgery? 

When a tumour is removed surgically, the pathologist examines the edges (margins) of the tissue to check for cancer cells. "Clear margins" (also called negative margins) means no cancer cells are found at the edges, indicating the tumour was completely removed. This is an important factor in reducing the risk of cancer recurrence. If margins are positive (cancer cells present at the edge), additional treatment such as further surgery or radiation may be recommended.
 

Q7. How long is the recovery after GI cancer surgery? 

Recovery time varies depending on the type and extent of surgery, whether it was open or minimally invasive, and your overall health. Generally:

• Minimally invasive procedures: Hospital stay of 3–5 days; return to normal activities in 2–4 weeks
• Major open surgeries: Hospital stay of 7–14 days; full recovery may take 6–8 weeks or longer

Our Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programme uses evidence-based protocols to optimise nutrition, pain control, and early mobilisation helping you recover faster and return home sooner.

 

Medical Oncology

Q8. What is the difference between chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy?

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs that kill rapidly dividing cells throughout the body. It is effective against many cancers but can affect healthy cells too, causing side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and lowered immunity.
• Targeted therapy: Attacks specific molecular abnormalities that drive cancer growth (such as HER2, KRAS, BRAF, or NTRK mutations). Because it targets cancer cells more precisely, it often has fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
• Immunotherapy: Helps your body's own immune system recognise and destroy cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) have transformed treatment for certain GI cancers, particularly those with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumours.

Your medical oncologist will recommend the most appropriate systemic therapy or combination of therapies based on your cancer type, stage, and molecular profile.
 

Q9. How do doctors decide which systemic treatment is right for me? 

Treatment selection is based on several factors:

• Cancer type and stage: Different cancers respond to different drugs
• Molecular profiling: Testing your tumour for genetic mutations and biomarkers (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, HER2, MSI, PD-L1, NTRK) helps identify which targeted therapies or immunotherapies may be effective
• Your overall health: Kidney function, liver function, heart health, and performance status influence drug choice and dosing
• Treatment goals: Curative intent versus disease control versus palliation
• Your preferences: Quality of life considerations and personal priorities

This is why molecular testing is so important in modern GI cancer care it allows us to match you with the most effective treatment for your specific cancer.
 

Q10. What is neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy?

• Neoadjuvant therapy: Treatment given before surgery typically chemotherapy, radiation, or both to shrink the tumour, making it easier to remove completely and potentially allowing for less extensive surgery.
• Adjuvant therapy: Treatment given after surgery to eliminate any remaining microscopic cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.

These approaches are commonly used in oesophageal, gastric, rectal, and pancreatic cancers. Your oncology team will explain whether neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy is recommended for your situation.
 

Radiation Oncology

Q11. When is radiation therapy used for GI cancers? 

Radiation therapy may be used in several ways:

• Before surgery (neoadjuvant): To shrink tumours, particularly in oesophageal and rectal cancers
• After surgery (adjuvant): To destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce recurrence risk
• As primary treatment: For patients who cannot undergo surgery or when surgery is not appropriate
• Combined with chemotherapy (chemoradiation): To enhance effectiveness in locally advanced cancers
• For palliation: To relieve symptoms such as pain, bleeding, or obstruction in advanced disease
   

Q12. How does modern radiation therapy protect healthy tissues? 

Advanced radiation techniques allow us to target tumours precisely while minimising exposure to surrounding healthy organs:

• IMRT (Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy): Shapes radiation beams to match the tumour's contour
• VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy): Delivers radiation in a continuous arc for faster, more precise treatment
• IGRT (Image-Guided Radiation Therapy): Uses real-time imaging to track tumour position and adjust for movement
• Motion management and breath-hold techniques: Account for breathing motion, particularly important for upper abdominal tumours

These technologies significantly reduce side effects and protect critical organs such as the liver, kidneys, bowel, and spinal cord.
 

Q13. How many radiation sessions will I need? 

The number of sessions (fractions) depends on the treatment goal, cancer type, and location:

• Curative treatment: Typically 25–30 sessions over 5–6 weeks
• Short-course radiation (e.g., for rectal cancer): 5 sessions over 1 week
• Palliative treatment: Often 1–10 sessions, depending on symptoms

Your radiation oncologist will design a treatment plan tailored to your specific needs and explain the schedule in detail.
 

Side Effects and Supportive Care

Q14. What are the common side effects of chemotherapy for GI cancers? 

Side effects vary depending on the drugs used, but common ones include:

• Fatigue: The most common side effect; usually improves after treatment ends
• Nausea and vomiting: Preventable and manageable with modern anti-nausea medications
• Loss of appetite and taste changes: Nutritional support can help maintain strength
• Diarrhoea or constipation: Common with certain regimens; managed with medications and dietary adjustments
• Lowered blood counts: May increase infection risk, cause anaemia, or lead to easy bruising
• Hair thinning or loss: Occurs with some but not all chemotherapy drugs
• Peripheral neuropathy: Tingling, numbness, or pain in hands and feet with certain drugs (e.g., oxaliplatin)

Our medical oncology team monitors you closely and provides proactive symptom management to minimise discomfort and maintain your quality of life.
 

Q15. What are the side effects of radiation therapy for GI cancers? 

Side effects depend on the treatment area and dose:

• Skin changes: Redness, dryness, or irritation in the treated area
• Fatigue: Gradual tiredness that typically improves after treatment
• Nausea: Particularly with upper abdominal radiation; managed with medications
• Diarrhoea: Common with pelvic radiation (rectal cancer); dietary changes and medications help
• Difficulty swallowing (oesophagitis): With oesophageal radiation; temporary and manageable

Most radiation side effects are temporary and resolve within weeks after treatment completion. Our team provides supportive care throughout.
 

Q16. How can I manage fatigue during treatment? 

Fatigue is one of the most common concerns during cancer treatment. Helpful strategies include:

• Pace yourself: Balance activity with rest; prioritise important tasks
• Stay active: Light exercise, such as walking, can actually improve energy levels
• Eat well: Small, frequent, nutritious meals help maintain strength
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids unless advised otherwise
• Sleep hygiene: Maintain regular sleep schedules and a restful environment
• Ask for help: Accept support from family, friends, and your care team

If fatigue is severe or worsening, inform your oncology team it may indicate anaemia or other treatable causes.
 

Q17. Will I lose my hair during treatment? 

Hair loss depends on the specific treatment:

• Chemotherapy: Some drugs cause significant hair loss (e.g., certain regimens for gastric cancer), while others cause minimal thinning or none at all
• Radiation therapy: Only causes hair loss in the area being treated (not common in GI cancers unless treating the scalp)
• Targeted therapy and immunotherapy: Hair loss is generally uncommon

Your oncologist will inform you whether hair loss is expected with your specific treatment. If it occurs, hair typically regrows after treatment ends.
 

Living with GI Cancer

Q18. Can I continue working during cancer treatment? 

Many patients continue working during treatment, though this varies based on the treatment type, side effects, and their energy levels. Options include:

• Working full-time with schedule adjustments for treatment appointments
• Reducing hours or working part-time temporarily
• Taking intermittent or extended medical leave

Discuss your situation with your oncology team they can help plan treatment around your commitments and provide documentation for workplace accommodations if needed.
 

Q19. What dietary changes should I make during treatment? 

Nutrition is crucial during GI cancer treatment. General recommendations include:

• Eat small, frequent meals rather than large ones
• Choose protein-rich foods to maintain strength and support healing
• Stay hydrated with water, clear broths, and electrolyte drinks
• Avoid very spicy, fatty, or fried foods if experiencing nausea or diarrhoea
• Limit alcohol and avoid tobacco completely

Because GI cancers and their treatments can affect digestion, our clinical dietitians provide personalised guidance based on your specific situation including managing side effects such as difficulty swallowing, early satiety, or malabsorption.
 

Q20. How often will I need follow-up after treatment? 

Follow-up schedules vary by cancer type and stage, but typically include:
 

• First 2–3 years: Visits every 3–4 months with physical examination, blood tests (including tumour markers), and periodic imaging
• Years 3–5: Visits every 6 months
• After 5 years: Annual follow-up for most patients

Regular surveillance allows early detection of any recurrence, when treatment is most effective. Your oncology team will provide a personalised survivorship care plan outlining your specific follow-up schedule, tests, and lifestyle recommendations.
 

Common Myths About GI Cancer Treatment

Misinformation about cancer can cause unnecessary fear, delay treatment, or lead to poor decisions. Below, we address common myths about GI cancer focusing on surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, side effects, and hereditary factors with accurate, evidence-based facts.
 

Common Myths About GI Cancer Treatment

Myths About Causes of GI Cancer

Myth: GI cancer only affects people with poor diets or unhealthy lifestyles. Fact: While diet and lifestyle significantly influence GI cancer risk, they are not the only factors. GI cancers can develop in individuals with healthy lifestyles due to age, genetic predisposition, chronic infections, or pre-existing medical conditions. A balanced diet and healthy habits reduce risk but do not eliminate it entirely. Do not assume you are immune because you live healthily and do not blame yourself if you are diagnosed.

Myth: Eating spicy food causes stomach cancer. Fact: There is no scientific evidence that spicy food causes stomach cancer. The primary risk factors for stomach cancer include Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, high salt intake, consumption of smoked or pickled foods, family history, and certain genetic syndromes. Spicy food may cause temporary digestive discomfort in some individuals, but it is not a carcinogen.

Myth: Stress and negative emotions cause cancer. Fact: While chronic stress can affect overall health and immune function, there is no direct scientific evidence that stress, anxiety, or negative emotions cause GI cancer. Cancer develops from genetic mutations in cells, which can be triggered by factors such as carcinogens, infections, inherited genes, and random cellular errors not by emotional states. However, managing stress is essential for overall well-being and can help you cope with a diagnosis and treatment.

Myth: Using mobile phones or microwave ovens causes GI cancer. Fact: There is no credible scientific evidence linking mobile phones or microwave ovens to GI cancers. Mobile phones emit non-ionising radiation, which does not damage DNA in the way that ionising radiation (such as X-rays) can. Microwave ovens heat food through electromagnetic waves that do not make food radioactive or carcinogenic. Focus on established risk factors such as smoking, alcohol, obesity, and infections rather than unproven claims.

Myth: Drinking very hot beverages causes oesophageal cancer. Fact: This one has some truth. Regularly drinking very hot beverages (above 65°C/149°F) has been classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as "probably carcinogenic" for oesophageal cancer. The repeated thermal injury to the oesophageal lining may contribute to cancer development over time. Allowing hot drinks to cool to a comfortable temperature before consuming is a sensible precaution.

Myth: Colorectal cancer is caused only by eating red meat. Fact: While high consumption of processed meat and red meat is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk, it is not the sole cause. Other significant risk factors include age, family history, hereditary syndromes (Lynch syndrome, FAP), inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and low fibre intake. Colorectal cancer results from a combination of factors, not any single dietary choice.

Myth: Liver cancer only affects people who drink alcohol. Fact: Alcohol-related liver disease (cirrhosis) is one risk factor for liver cancer, but many cases occur in people who do not drink alcohol. Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are leading causes of liver cancer worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, diabetes, and exposure to aflatoxins (toxins from certain moulds in food) also increase risk. Liver cancer can develop in anyone with underlying liver damage, regardless of alcohol consumption.

Myth: Pancreatic cancer is always caused by poor lifestyle choices. Fact: While smoking, obesity, and diabetes increase pancreatic cancer risk, many patients have no identifiable lifestyle risk factors. Pancreatic cancer can also be linked to chronic pancreatitis, family history, hereditary syndromes (such as BRCA mutations, Lynch syndrome, and familial pancreatic cancer), and increasing age. The causes are often multifactorial, and some cases occur without any known risk factors.

Myth: Young people do not get GI cancers. Fact: Although GI cancers are more common in older adults (typically over 50), they can and do occur in younger individuals. Alarmingly, colorectal cancer rates in people under 50 have been rising in recent years. Young-onset GI cancers may be linked to hereditary syndromes, but they can also occur without any family history. Symptoms should never be dismissed based on age alone early evaluation is important regardless of age.

Myth: If I have no symptoms, I cannot have GI cancer. Fact: Many GI cancers cause no symptoms in their early stages. Colorectal polyps, early stomach cancer, and small liver tumours are often entirely asymptomatic. This is why screening is so critical it detects cancer before symptoms develop, when treatment is most effective. Do not wait for symptoms to appear; follow age-appropriate and risk-based screening recommendations.
 

Surgical Oncology Myths

Myth: Surgery causes cancer to spread. Fact: This is one of the most persistent and harmful myths. Surgery does not cause cancer to spread. In fact, surgical removal of the tumour is the most effective curative treatment for most GI cancers. Modern surgical techniques, including meticulous handling of tissues and adherence to established oncological principles, are designed to remove cancer completely while minimising the risk of tumour cell dissemination. Sometimes cancer is discovered to be more advanced during surgery than initially thought this reflects the true extent of the disease, not the spread caused by the operation.

Myth: If I need surgery, it will always be a major open operation with a long recovery. Fact: Many GI cancer surgeries today are performed using minimally invasive techniques laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery which involve small incisions, less pain, reduced blood loss, and faster recovery. While some complex or advanced cancers may still require open surgery, our surgical team uses the least invasive approach appropriate for your situation. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols further accelerate healing and reduce hospital stays.

Myth: If the surgeon cannot remove all the cancer, surgery is pointless. Fact: Even when complete tumour removal is not possible, surgery can provide significant benefits. Debulking surgery (removing as much cancer as possible) can improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy or radiation. Palliative surgery can relieve symptoms such as obstruction, bleeding, or pain significantly improving quality of life. Your surgical oncologist will explain the goals and expected benefits of any recommended procedure.

Myth: After cancer surgery, I will never eat normally again. Fact: While some GI surgeries affect digestion, most patients adapt well over time. Depending on the surgery, you may need to make dietary modifications such as eating smaller, more frequent meals or avoiding certain foods but many patients return to a varied and enjoyable diet. Our clinical dietitians provide personalised guidance to help you adjust and maintain good nutrition after surgery.
 

Medical Oncology Myths

Myth: Chemotherapy is the same for all GI cancers. Fact: Chemotherapy is highly tailored to each cancer type, stage, and individual patient. Different GI cancers colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, oesophageal respond to different drug combinations. Furthermore, molecular profiling of your tumour identifies specific mutations (such as KRAS, BRAF, HER2, or MSI status) that guide treatment selection. What works for one patient may not be appropriate for another, even with the same cancer type.

Myth: Chemotherapy always causes severe side effects that make life unbearable. Fact: While chemotherapy can cause side effects, modern supportive care has transformed the treatment experience. Effective anti-nausea medications, growth factors to support blood counts, and proactive symptom management mean that many patients tolerate chemotherapy well and maintain a reasonable quality of life during treatment. Side effects vary by drug regimen your oncology team will explain what to expect and how to manage it.

Myth: Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have no side effects because they are "natural" or "precise." Fact: Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are significant advances, but they are not without side effects. Targeted therapies can cause skin reactions, diarrhoea, liver changes, or fatigue, depending on the drug. Immunotherapies work by activating your immune system, which can sometimes lead to inflammation in healthy organs (immune-related adverse events). These side effects are generally manageable when detected early, which is why close monitoring is essential.

Myth: If chemotherapy does not work immediately, it has failed. Fact: Cancer treatment often requires time. Tumours may take several cycles of chemotherapy before showing measurable shrinkage on scans. Stable disease (cancer not growing) can also be a positive outcome, particularly in advanced cases. Your oncologist monitors response through imaging, tumour markers, and clinical assessment and will adjust treatment if needed.

Myth: Once you start chemotherapy, you can never stop. Fact: Chemotherapy duration depends on the treatment goal. For curative intent (adjuvant therapy), chemotherapy is given for a defined period typically 3 to 6 months. For advanced cancer, treatment may continue as long as it is effective and tolerable, but breaks (treatment holidays) are often possible. Your oncologist will discuss the planned duration and reassess regularly based on your response and well-being.
 

Radiation Oncology Myths

Myth: Radiation therapy makes you radioactive and dangerous to others. Fact: External beam radiation therapy the most common type used for GI cancers does not make you radioactive. The radiation is delivered during your treatment session and does not remain in your body. You can safely be around family members, including children and pregnant women, after each session. Only certain internal radiation treatments (brachytherapy or radioisotope therapy, rarely used in GI cancers) require temporary precautions, which your team will explain if applicable.

Myth: Radiation burns and destroys everything in its path. Fact: Modern radiation therapy is highly precise. Techniques such as IMRT, VMAT, and IGRT allow radiation oncologists to conform the radiation dose tightly to the tumour while minimising exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Motion management and breath-hold techniques further protect organs such as the liver, kidneys, and bowel. While some skin irritation or localised side effects may occur, severe "burns" are uncommon with contemporary treatment.

Myth: Radiation therapy is only used when cancer is incurable. Fact: Radiation is a key component of curative treatment for many GI cancers. It is commonly used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumours in oesophageal and rectal cancers, improving surgical outcomes. It is also used after surgery (as an adjuvant) to reduce the risk of recurrence. While radiation can provide valuable palliation for advanced cancer, it is equally crucial in curing early and locally advanced disease.

Myth: Radiation side effects last forever. Fact: Most radiation side effects are temporary and resolve within weeks to a few months after treatment ends. Acute effects such as fatigue, skin changes, nausea, or diarrhoea typically improve as your body heals. Long-term side effects are possible but uncommon with modern techniques, and your radiation oncologist takes great care to minimise these risks during treatment planning.
 

Side Effects and Supportive Care Myths

Myth: If I experience side effects, it means the treatment is not working. Fact: Side effects are not indicators of treatment effectiveness. Some patients experience significant side effects while their cancer responds well; others have minimal side effects with equally good outcomes. Side effects occur because treatments affect some healthy cells along with cancer cells not because treatment is failing. Your oncology team monitors your cancer response separately through scans, tumour markers, and clinical evaluation.

Myth: I should not report mild side effects I do not want to seem like I am complaining. Fact: Reporting all side effects, even mild ones, is essential. Early intervention can prevent mild symptoms from becoming severe. Your oncology team wants to know how you are feeling so they can adjust medications, provide supportive care, or modify treatment if needed. Open communication improves your comfort, safety, and treatment outcomes.

Myth: Pain medications will make me addicted, so I should avoid them. Fact: When used appropriately under medical supervision, pain medications including opioids are safe and effective for managing cancer-related pain. Addiction is rare in patients taking pain medication for genuine medical needs. Untreated pain reduces quality of life, interferes with eating and sleeping, and can weaken your ability to tolerate treatment. Our pain management specialists ensure your comfort while monitoring medication use carefully.

Myth: If I feel well, I do not need to continue treatment. Fact: Feeling well during treatment is a positive sign, but it does not mean cancer is gone. Cancer cells may still be present even when you have no symptoms. Completing your full course of treatment whether surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination is essential to achieve the best possible outcome and reduce the risk of recurrence. Never stop or modify treatment without discussing with your oncologist.

Myth: Natural remedies and supplements are safer than medical treatment. Fact: While a healthy lifestyle supports cancer treatment, unproven natural remedies are not substitutes for evidence-based medical care. Some supplements can interfere with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation reducing effectiveness or increasing side effects. Always inform your oncology team about any supplements, herbs, or alternative treatments you are considering. We can help you make safe choices that complement your medical treatment.
 

Hereditary and Risk Factor Myths

Myth: GI cancer only affects people with poor diets or unhealthy lifestyles. Fact: While diet and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol, obesity, and processed food consumption increase risk, GI cancers can affect anyone including those with healthy lifestyles. Age, chronic infections (hepatitis B/C, H. pylori), pre-existing conditions (inflammatory bowel disease, Barrett's oesophagus), and genetic factors also play significant roles. Do not assume you are safe because you live healthily, and do not blame yourself if you are diagnosed.

Myth: If no one in my family has had cancer, I cannot have a hereditary cancer syndrome. Fact: Hereditary cancer syndromes can appear for the first time in a family (new mutations), or they may have gone undetected because affected relatives died of other causes, were not tested, or had cancers that were not recognised as part of a syndrome. If you are diagnosed with GI cancer at a young age, have certain tumour characteristics (such as MSI-high colorectal cancer), or have multiple primary cancers, genetic testing may still be recommended regardless of family history.

Myth: Genetic testing will only bring bad news and cause anxiety. Fact: Genetic testing provides valuable information that can guide your treatment and protect your family. If a hereditary mutation is found, your treatment plan may be adjusted, and you may become eligible for specific therapies (such as immunotherapy for Lynch syndrome-related cancers). Your at-risk family members can undergo testing and surveillance, potentially catching cancer early or preventing it altogether. Genetic counsellors help you understand results and make informed decisions.

Myth: If I have a hereditary cancer gene, I will definitely get cancer. Fact: Carrying a hereditary cancer gene mutation increases your risk but does not guarantee you will develop cancer. Risk levels vary by syndrome and specific mutation. With proper surveillance, early detection, and sometimes preventive measures (such as removal of precancerous polyps), many individuals with hereditary syndromes live long, healthy lives without ever developing cancer.

Myth: Hereditary cancers cannot be prevented. Fact: While you cannot change your genes, hereditary cancers are often highly preventable or detectable at early, curable stages. Strategies include:

• Enhanced surveillance (earlier and more frequent colonoscopies, endoscopies, or imaging)
• Prophylactic surgery in very high-risk cases (such as colectomy for FAP)
• Chemoprevention in certain situations
• Lifestyle modifications to reduce additional risk factors

Our genetic counselling team works with you to develop a personalised prevention and surveillance plan.
 

General Myths

Myth: A normal scan means I am cancer-free. Fact: Imaging technology has limitations. Very small tumours, microscopic disease, or certain cancer types may not be visible on scans. This is why doctors use multiple tools scans, blood tests (tumour markers), biopsies, and clinical examination to assess your condition. Regular follow-up is essential even when scans appear normal.

Myth: Cancer always causes pain, so if I have no pain, I do not have cancer. Fact: Many GI cancers cause no pain in their early stages. Symptoms may be subtle or absent until the disease is advanced. This is why screening is so important, particularly for colorectal cancer. Do not wait for pain to seek evaluation if you have risk factors or other warning signs.

Myth: A cancer diagnosis is a death sentence. Fact: Many GI cancers are curable, especially when detected early. Even advanced cancers that cannot be cured can often be controlled for extended periods with modern treatments chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and supportive care. Survival rates have improved significantly in recent decades, and research continues to bring new and better treatment options. A diagnosis is the beginning of a treatment journey, not an endpoint.