I-Biochemistry ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali esifundweni sezinqubo zebhayoloji emazingeni amaselula namangqamuzana. I-Biochemistry isibe yisisekelo sokuqonda zonke izinqubo zebhayoloji. Inikeza izincazelo zezimbangela zezifo eziningi futhi ithole indawo yayo ekuxilongweni nasekwelapheni umdlavuza.

I-Head and Neck Oncology: I-Ferritin, i-lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), i-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) ne-TPA (Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen) ibonakala izwela
izimpawu zesifo somdlavuza wekhanda nentamo.
I-Pediatric Oncology & Hematology: NA

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi kungenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwesibindi sakho, lapho umdlavuza wesisu ungasabalala khona.
Izimpawu zesimila: Izimpawu ze-CEA (i-carcinoembryonic antigen) kanye ne-CA 19-9 (i-antigen yomdlavuza) ngezinye izikhathi zikhuliswa umdlavuza wesisu kanye neminye imidlavuza.
Umdlavuza Wesibindi: Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwenziwa ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi akukho yini okungavamile ekusebenzeni kwesibindi, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-Alanine transaminase (ALT). I-ALT iyi-enzyme etholakala esibindini esiza ukuguqula amaprotheni abe amandla amangqamuzana esibindi. Lapho isibindi sonakalisiwe, i-ALT idedelwa emgudwini wegazi futhi amazinga ayanda. I-Aspartate transaminase (AST). I-AST iyi-enzyme esiza ukugaya ama-amino acid. Njenge-ALT, i-AST ivamise ukuba khona egazini emazingeni aphansi. Ukwanda kwamazinga e-AST kungase kubonise ukulimala kwesibindi, izifo noma ukulimala kwemisipha.
I-Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): I-ALP iyi-enzyme etholakala esibindini nasethanjeni futhi ibalulekile ekuphuleni amaprotheni. Amazinga aphezulu kunokuvamile e-ALP angase abonise ukulimala kwesibindi noma izifo, njenge-bile duct evinjiwe noma izifo ezithile zamathambo.
I-Albumin nenani lamaprotheni: I-Albumin ingenye yamaprotheni amaningana enziwa esibindini. Umzimba wakho udinga la maprotheni ukuze ulwe nezifo futhi wenze neminye imisebenzi. Amazinga aphansi kunokuvamile e-albumin kanye nengqikithi yamaprotheni angase abonise ukulimala kwesibindi noma izifo. I-bilirubin. I-Bilirubin iyinto ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuwohloka okuvamile kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. I-Bilirubin idlula esibindini futhi ikhishwa esigqikini. Amazinga aphezulu e-bilirubin (i-jaundice) angase abonise ukulimala kwesibindi noma izifo noma izinhlobo ezithile ze-anemia.
I-Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): I-GGT iyi-enzyme egazini. Amazinga aphezulu kunokuvamile angase abonise ukulimala kwesibindi noma i-bile duct.
Ama-Tumor Markers - I-Serum AFP: I-AFP imele i-alpha-fetoprotein. Kuyiprotheni eyenziwe esibindini somntwana osakhulayo. Abantu abadala abanempilo kufanele babe namazinga aphansi kakhulu e-AFP. Amazinga aphezulu e-AFP angaba uphawu lomdlavuza wesibindi futhi angasiza ekuxilongeni umdlavuza lapho esetshenziswa nezinye izivivinyo. Ukuhlola kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukusiza ukuqapha ukusebenza kokwelashwa komdlavuza kanye nokubona ukuthi umdlavuza usubuyile yini ngemva kokuqeda ukwelashwa.

Ukuhlaziywa kokuchama: Lokhu ukuhlolwa kwelebhu elula ukuhlola igazi nezinye izinto kusampula yomchamo.
I-Urine cytology: Kulokhu kuhlolwa, isampula yomchamo ibhekwa ngesibonakhulu ukuze kubonakale ukuthi awukho yini umdlavuza noma amaseli angaphambi komdlavuza kuwo. I-Cytology nayo yenziwa kunoma yikuphi ukugeza kwesinye ngesikhathi se-cystoscopy (bheka ngezansi). I-Cytology ingasiza ekutholeni umdlavuza, kodwa ayiphelele. Ukungawutholi umdlavuza kulokhu kuhlolwa akusho ukuthi awunawo umdlavuza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isiko lomchamo: Uma unezimpawu zomchamo, lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ukutheleleka (kunokuba umdlavuza) kuyimbangela. Izifo zomgudu womchamo kanye nomdlavuza wesinye kungabangela izimpawu ezifanayo. Ngokwesiko lomchamo, isampula lomchamo lifakwa esitsheni elebhu ukuze kuvunyelwe noma yimaphi amagciwane akhona ukuthi akhule. Kungathatha isikhathi ukuthi amagciwane akhule, ngakho kungase kuthathe izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuthola imiphumela yalokhu kuhlolwa.
I-Biochemistry: Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kusetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinso zakho zisebenza ngokujwayelekile. Amazinga e-serum urea nitrogen kanye ne-creatinine kufanele atholakale kuzo zonke iziguli okusolwa kuzo umdlavuza wesinye. Uma kusolwa isifo se-metastatic, inani legazi eliphelele kanye nephaneli ephelele ye-metabolic, okuhlanganisa izinga le-alkaline phosphatase kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi, kufanelekile. Izinga lokuhlunga kwe-Glomerular (i-eGFR): Izinga elincishisiwe elilinganiselwe lokuhlunga kwe-glomerular (i-eGFR) litholakale lihlotshaniswa nengozi eyanda kakhulu yomdlavuza wezinso nowomchamo.

I-Urine cytology: Umdlavuza we-Renal cell uzoba negazi emchameni wabo. Uma isiguli sine-transitional cell carcinoma (e-renal pelvis, ureter, noma esinyeni), ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwesampula yomchamo (okubizwa ngokuthi i-urine cytology) kuzobonisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza wangempela emchameni. Isibalo segazi esiphelele (CBC): Lokhu ukuhlola okulinganisa inani lamaseli ahlukene egazini. Lo mphumela wokuhlolwa uvamise ukungavamile kubantu abanomdlavuza wezinso.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-biochemistry: Amazinga aphezulu ama-enzyme esibindi ngezinye izikhathi atholakala. Amazinga aphezulu e-calcium egazini angase atholakale okungase kuholele ekuhlolweni kwezithombe okwengeziwe. Ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali egazi nakho kukala ukusebenza kwezinso, okubaluleke kakhulu uma ukuhlolwa kwezithombe ezithile noma uma kuhlelwa ukuhlinzwa.

I-Tumor Makers cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), i-cancer antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29), kanye ne-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - isetshenziselwe ukusiza ukuqapha umdlavuza webele we-metastatic (isifo esithuthukisiwe),

Izimpawu zesimila: I-Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEAs) imele iqembu le-heterogeneous lama-glycoprotein, anezici ezivamile ze-antigenic. I-CEA ikhiqizwa amaseli kanobhala wepheshana lesisu lomuntu omdala elivamile futhi imvume yenziwa ngokuyinhloko esibindi. Ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu komaka kutholakala ezigulini ezinemetastase yesibindi evela ku-carcinoma yekholoni. Izivivinyo ze-CEA ziwusizo ekulawulweni komtholampilo womdlavuza wamaphaphu.
I-Chromogranin A: iphrotheni ekhishwe kumaseli e-neuroendocrine aboniswe ku-serum yeziguli ezinomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ihomoni ye-Adrenocorticotropic: i-cell carcinoma yamaphaphu encane (SCLC), eyasuka kuzicubu ze-neuroendocrine, ingakhula ibe yi-paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes, njenge-Cushing syndrome, ngenxa yokuphuma okungafanele kwehomoni ye-ectopic adrenocorticotropic (ACTH).
I-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1): amazinga aphezulu e-circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), i-ligand eyinhloko ye-IGF1R, yandisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu esikhathini esizayo.

I-Neuron ethize enolase (NSE): amazinga aphezulu e-serum e-NSE aqashelwa ezigulini ezine-neuroblastomas nama-gliomas ayingozi, njll.

Ama-Tumor Markers - I-Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA): Umaka we-tumor ovame kakhulu womdlavuza we-colorectal yi-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwalesi sigaxa umaka ngezinye izikhathi kungase kuphakamise ukuthi othile angase abe nomdlavuza we-colorectal, kodwa angeke asetshenziswe yedwa ukuhlola noma ukuxilonga umdlavuza Amazinga aphezulu e-CEA angase abonise ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izimo zezokwelapha zingabangela ukuthi i-CEA ikhule. Ukuhlolwa kwe-CEA kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqapha umdlavuza we-colorectal kubantu asebevele bethola ukwelashwa. Akulona usizo njengokuhlola ukuhlolwa. Umdlavuza wamasende:Kunezimpawu ezintathu ezibalulekile zesimila zomdlavuza wamasende: I-Alpha-fetoprotein: I-AFP iyiphrotheni ekhishwa isaka le-fetus yolk, isibindi kanye nomgudu wamathumbu futhi ivela ezingeni eliphezulu egazini lombungu. I-AFP ingafihlwa yi-NSGCT equkethe i-embryonal carcinoma, i-yolk sac tumor noma i-teratoma. Ngokwencazelo, i-seminoma noma i-choriocarcinoma ayikhiphi i-AFP. Ngakho-ke, noma yisiphi isiguli esine-AFP ephakeme kufanele sibe nengxenye engeyona eye-seminomatous yomdlavuza we-testis.
I-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): I-HCG iyi-glycoprotein ekhiqizwa yi-placenta ukuze igcine i-corpus luteum ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. I-HCG ingakhuphuka kwezinye izifo eziningi, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza wesibindi, wamaphaphu, amanyikwe kanye nesisu. Kumathumba amangqamuzana amagciwane e-testis, okuhlanganisa kokubili ama-semiminomas kanye ne-NSGCT, amangqamuzana anomdlavuza angashintsha abe ama-syncytiotrophoblasts (ingxenye evamile ye-placenta) futhi akhiphe i-HCG. Amazinga angaphezu kuka-5,000 IU ngokuvamile ayizinkomba ze-NSGCT, futhi ku-NSGCT, amazinga aphezulu e-HCG ahlotshaniswa ne-prognosis embi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-HCG- ekhiqiza i-seminoma (cishe amaphesenti angu-15 ama-semiminomas) ine-prognosis efanayo ne-seminoma engakhiqizi i-HCG.
I-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): I-LDH iyi-enzyme yeselula etholakala kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba. Ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-LDH ezicutshini ezivamile kutholakala emisipha (kuhlanganise nohlaka lwamathambo, inhliziyo nemisipha ebushelelezi), isibindi nobuchopho. I-LDH ayicacisi kangako umdlavuza we-testis kune-HCG noma i-AFP. Kodwa-ke, amazinga e-LDH aphakanyisiwe ahlotshaniswa nomthwalo ophezulu we-tumor ku-seminoma kanye nokuphindaphinda ku-NSGCT.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Isampula legazi lithathwa emthanjeni osengalweni yakho futhi lihlaziywe ukuze kutholwe i-PSA, into ekhiqizwa ngokwemvelo yindlala yakho yesinye. Izinga eliphezulu kunelivamile le-PSA lingabonisa ukutheleleka kwe-prostate, ukuvuvukala, ukwanda noma umdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwezinso, ama-electrolyte nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi kuzophakanyiswa udokotela ukuze asize ekwelapheni, ekuhloleni nasekulandeleni. Umdlavuza Wesikhumba: Odokotela bavame ukuhlola igazi ukuze bathole amazinga ento ebizwa ngokuthi i-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ngaphambi kokwelashwa. Uma i-melanoma isisabalele ezingxenyeni ezikude zomzimba, izinga eliphezulu le-LDH lisetshenziselwa ukuhlelwa nokusebenza ngempumelelo kokwelashwa.
Umdlavuza Wamathambo: Abantu abane-osteosarcoma noma i-Ewing sarcoma bangase babe namazinga aphezulu e-alkaline phosphatase namazinga e-lactate dehydrogenase egazini. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amazinga aphezulu awasho njalo umdlavuza.