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He aha ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

ʻO ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) kahi hana ʻoki kino minimally invasive i hoʻolālā ʻia e mālama i ka stenosis aortic, kahi kūlana kahi e haiki ai ka valve aortic, e kaupalena ana i ke kahe koko mai ka puʻuwai a i ke koena o ke kino. Hiki i kēia haiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka puʻuwai, ka ʻeha o ka umauma, a me ka make inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻo TAVR i kahi koho ʻē aʻe i emi iki ka invasive ma mua o ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama kuʻuna, e lilo ia i koho kūpono no nā poʻe maʻi i loaʻa paha ka pilikia nui no nā pilikia ʻoki kino. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, kūpono ʻo TAVR no kekahi mau poʻe maʻi me ka stenosis aortic symptomatic koʻikoʻi me ka pilikia ʻoki kino kiʻekiʻe a waena paha.

I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana TAVR, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kiwikā hou ma o kahi catheter, i komo pinepine ʻia ma o ke aʻa femoral ma ka ʻūhā. Ke alakaʻi nei ke catheter i ka kiwikā hou i ka kiwikā aortic maʻi i loko o ka puʻuwai. Ke kau ʻia, hoʻonui ka kiwikā hou a lawe i ka hana o ka kiwikā kahiko, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kahe koko a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana mai nā hōʻailona e pili ana me ka stenosis aortic.

ʻO ke kumu nui o TAVR ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka stenosis aortic a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ola no nā maʻi. He mea pono loa ia no nā pākeke a i ʻole ka poʻe me nā kūlana olakino ʻē aʻe e hoʻoweliweli ai i ke ʻoki kuʻuna. Ua loaʻa ka kaulana o TAVR ma muli o kona pono a me nā manawa hoʻōla pōkole e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana.

No ke aha i hana ʻia ai ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo TAVR no nā poʻe maʻi e loaʻa ana i ka stenosis aortic symptomatic. Hiki i nā hōʻailona o kēia maʻi ke komo pū me:

  • Ka pōkole o ka hanu, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka hana kino
  • ʻO ka ʻeha o ka umauma a i ʻole ke kūiki
  • Poniuniu a maule paha
  • Ka luhi a nāwaliwali paha
  • Palpitations puʻuwai

Loaʻa kēia mau hōʻailona no ka mea e hana ikaika ka puʻuwai e pamu i ke koko ma o ka valve i haiki, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke kaumaha ma luna o ka ʻiʻo puʻuwai. I ka holomua ʻana o ke kūlana, hiki i nā maʻi ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i ko lākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā.

Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ʻo TAVR i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai nā maʻi me ka stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi a hōʻike i nā hōʻailona e hoʻopilikia i ko lākou ola. Paipai nui ʻia no nā poʻe i manaʻo ʻia he kiʻekiʻe ka pilikia no ke ʻoki puʻuwai wehe kuʻuna ma muli o ka makahiki, ka nāwaliwali, a i ʻole nā ​​​​pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia ka hoʻoholo e hoʻomau me TAVR ma hope o ka loiloi piha ʻana e kahi hui multidisciplinary o nā loea mālama ola, me nā cardiologists a me nā kauka lapaʻau puʻuwai.

Nā Hōʻailona no ka Hoʻololi ʻana o ka Valve Aortic Transcatheter (TAVR)

Hiki i kekahi mau kūlana lapaʻau a me nā ʻike diagnostics ke hōʻike he moho kūpono kahi mea maʻi no ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). ʻO kēia mau mea:

  • ʻO ka Stenosis Aortic Koʻikoʻi: Pono nā maʻi e loaʻa i kahi hōʻoia i hōʻoia ʻia o ka stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi, i loiloi pinepine ʻia ma o ka echocardiography. Ana kēia hoʻāʻo kiʻi i ka ʻāpana valve aortic a me ke kahe o ke kaomi ma waena o ka valve.
  • Nā Maʻi Hōʻailona: ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻike nā moho no TAVR i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka stenosis aortic, e like me nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua. ʻO ke alo o nā hōʻailona he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pono o ke komo ʻana.
  • ʻO ka pilikia o ke kaʻina hana kiʻekiʻe: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo TAVR no nā poʻe maʻi i loaʻa ka pilikia nui no nā pilikia mai ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama kuʻuna. Hiki i kēia ke komo pū me nā poʻe ʻelemakule, ka poʻe me nā maʻi like ʻole (e like me ka maʻi pulmonary obstructive mau loa, ka maʻi diabetes, a i ʻole ka maʻi puʻupaʻa), a i ʻole nā ​​poʻe me ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻoki puʻuwai ma mua.
  • Nā Manaʻo Anatomical: Hoʻokolokolo ʻia ke ʻano o ka puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko o ka mea maʻi. Hiki i nā mea e like me ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka valve aortic, ke alo o ka hōʻiliʻili calcium, a me ke kūlana o nā kīʻaha koko ke hoʻohuli i ka hoʻoholo e hoʻomau me TAVR.
  • Hana naʻau: Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā maʻi me ka hana ventricular hema i hoʻemi ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​hōʻailona o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka puʻuwai no TAVR, ʻoiai inā he mau hōʻailona ko lākou a he stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi.
  • Makemake o ka mea maʻi: I kekahi mau hihia, he kuleana ko ka makemake o ka mea maʻi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoholo. Hiki i nā mea maʻi e makemake ana e pale i nā pilikia e pili ana i ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama ke koho iā TAVR inā lākou e hoʻokō i nā kūlana e pono ai.

ʻO ke kaʻina loiloi no TAVR e pili ana i kahi loiloi piha, me ka mōʻaukala lapaʻau, ka hoʻokolokolo kino, nā haʻawina kiʻi, a i kekahi manawa nā hoʻokolohua hou e like me ka catheterization cardiac. Hōʻoia kēia ʻano hana piha e koho wale ʻia nā poʻe maʻi e pōmaikaʻi nui mai ke kaʻina hana.

Nā ʻAno o ka Hoʻololi Valve Aortic Transcatheter (TAVR)

ʻOiai ʻo ka pahuhopu nui o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) e mau ana—e pani ana i kahi valve aortic maʻi—aia nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hana ai i ke kaʻina hana. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa kēia mau ʻano hana ma muli o ke kiko komo i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokomo i ka catheter a me ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka valve i hoʻokomo ʻia. ʻO nā ʻano hana TAVR maʻamau e komo pū ana:

  • TAVR Transfemoral: ʻO kēia ke ʻano maʻamau, kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia ai ke catheter ma o ke aʻa femoral ma ka ʻūhā. Makemake ʻia ia no nā maʻi he nui ma muli o kona ʻano invasive minimally a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla maʻalahi.
  • TAVR Transapical: I nā hihia kahi i kūpono ʻole ai ke aʻa femoral no ke komo ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ke catheter ma o kahi ʻoki liʻiliʻi ma ka paia umauma, pololei i loko o ka puʻuwai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano hana ʻo transapical TAVR a mālama pinepine ʻia no nā poʻe maʻi me nā pilikia anatomical kikoʻī.
  • ʻO ka TAVR Transaortic: ʻO kēia ʻano hana e pili ana i ke komo pololei ʻana i ka aorta ma o kahi ʻoki liʻiliʻi ma ka umauma. ʻAʻole ia he mea maʻamau akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau maʻi i hiki ʻole ke hana i nā ʻano transfemoral a i ʻole transapical.
  • TAVR Subclavian: I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ke catheter ma o ke aʻa subclavian, aia ma lalo o ka iwi ʻāʻī. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā poʻe maʻi me ka paʻakikī o ke anatomy vascular.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻano hana kona mau pono ponoʻī a me nā noʻonoʻo ʻana, a ua hoʻopilikino ʻia ke koho ʻana o ke ʻano hana i ke kino o kēlā me kēia mea maʻi a me ke kūlana olakino holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻonui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano hana TAVR like ʻole i ke kūpono no kēia kaʻina hana hoʻōla ola, e ʻae ana i nā mea maʻi hou aku e pōmaikaʻi mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka valve me ka ʻole o ka pono no ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo TAVR i kēia manawa no nā mea maʻi pilikia waena, a hōʻike nā hōʻike e kū mai ana i ke kūpono ʻoiai i nā mea maʻi haʻahaʻa i kekahi mau hihia.

No laila, ʻo ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) kahi hana hoʻololi i hoʻololi i ka mālama ʻana i ka stenosis aortic. Ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi koho liʻiliʻi no ka hoʻololi valve, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo TAVR i nā hopena a me ke ʻano o ke ola no nā maʻi he nui. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hōʻailona no TAVR a me nā ʻano like ʻole i loaʻa hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā maʻi a me ko lākou mau ʻohana e hana i nā hoʻoholo naʻauao e pili ana i ko lākou olakino puʻuwai. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi a me ka ʻenehana i ka holomua, e lilo paha ʻo TAVR i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka cardiovascular.

Nā Contraindications no ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

He hana hoʻololi kipi ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) no nā poʻe maʻi me ka stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ka poʻe i pilikia nui no ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama kuʻuna. ʻOiai nā valves aortic bicuspid i hoʻopilikia mua ʻia e ka mōʻaukala, ke mālama nui ʻia nei me TAVR. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​maʻi āpau he moho kūpono no TAVR. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā contraindications no nā mea maʻi a me nā mea lawelawe olakino. Eia kekahi mau kūlana a me nā kumu e hiki ai i kahi mea maʻi ke kūpono ʻole no TAVR:

  • Ka maʻi koʻikoʻi o nā kīʻaha koko peripheral: ʻAʻole paha he mau moho kūpono nā maʻi me nā poloka koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka haiki ʻana o nā aʻa koko e alakaʻi ana i nā wāwae. Hiki i kēia kūlana ke hoʻopilikia i ka lawe ʻana o ka valve ma o nā kīʻaha koko. Pono ʻoe e ʻike he contraindication pili ia, ʻaʻole paʻa loa, ma muli o nā ʻano hana komo vascular.
  • ʻO ka maʻi maʻi: Inā loaʻa i ka mea maʻi kahi maʻi ikaika, ʻoiai ʻo ka endocarditis (kahi maʻi o nā valves o ka puʻuwai), pono paha lākou e kali a hoʻopau ʻia ka maʻi ma mua o ke kau ʻana iā TAVR.
  • ʻO ka maʻi ʻāmā koʻikoʻi: ʻO nā maʻi me ka maʻi pulmonary obstructive chronic (COPD) a i ʻole nā ​​​​maʻi māmā koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe e kū paha i nā pilikia nui aʻe i ka wā a ma hope o ke kaʻina hana.
  • Ka hāʻule ʻana o ka puʻuwai i kāohi ʻole ʻia: ʻO ka poʻe me ka puʻuwai hāʻule ʻole i mālama maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole paha e ʻae maikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hana o ko lākou puʻuwai ke kākoʻo i ke kaumaha o ke ʻoki ʻana.
  • Nā Manaʻo Anatomical: ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona anatomical, e like me kahi annulus aortic liʻiliʻi (kahi e noho ai ka valve) a i ʻole kahi aorta i calcified nui ʻia, hiki ke pale i ke kau pono ʻana o ka valve hou.
  • Nā Kūlana Lapaʻau e Noho Pū Ana: ʻO nā maʻi me ka maʻi puʻupaʻa koʻikoʻi, nā maʻi akepaʻa koʻikoʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​​​maʻi ʻē aʻe koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole paha lākou he mau moho kūpono ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pilikia o nā pilikia.
  • Makemake o ka mea maʻi: Hiki paha i kekahi mau maʻi ke koho ʻole e hana i ka TAVR ma muli o nā manaʻo pilikino, hopohopo e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana, a i ʻole ka makemake e alualu i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe.
  • Makahiki a me ka nāwaliwali: ʻOiai e hana pinepine ʻia ana ʻo TAVR ma luna o nā mākua ʻelemakule, ʻo ka poʻe nāwaliwali loa a i ʻole ka poʻe i kaupalena ʻia ke ola, ʻaʻole paha lākou e pōmaikaʻi mai ke kaʻina hana.
  • ʻO ke ʻoki kino Valve ma mua: Hiki i nā maʻi i hana mua ʻia i nā ʻoki kīwila puʻuwai ke kū i nā pilikia me TAVR, ma muli o nā kikoʻī o ko lākou mōʻaukala ʻoki.

He mea nui i nā maʻi ke loaʻa i kahi loiloi piha e kahi hui multidisciplinary, me nā cardiologists a me nā kauka lapaʻau cardiac, e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou kūpono no TAVR. Hoʻokomo pinepine kēia loiloi i nā haʻawina kiʻi, nā hoʻāʻo koko, a me kahi loiloi piha o ka mōʻaukala lapaʻau o ka mea maʻi.

Pehea e hoʻomākaukau ai no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka valve aortic transcatheter (TAVR)

He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomākaukau no TAVR i ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi hopena holomua. Pono nā mea maʻi e hahai i nā kuhikuhi kikoʻī ma mua o ke kaʻina hana, e hana i nā hoʻokolohua e pono ai, a e hana i nā hana palekana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou olakino ma mua o ke kaʻina hana. Eia nā mea e manaʻo ai:

  • Kūkākūkā Ma mua o ke Kaʻina Hana: E hālāwai nā mea maʻi me kā lākou hui mālama ola e kūkākūkā i ke kaʻina hana, kona mau pono, a me nā pilikia hiki. He manawa kūpono hoʻi kēia e nīnau ai a hōʻike i nā hopohopo.
  • Loʻi Lapaʻau: E mālama ʻia kahi loiloi lapaʻau piha, me ka loiloi ʻana i ka mōʻaukala lapaʻau o ka mea maʻi, nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kēia manawa, a me nā kūlana olakino o kēia manawa. Hiki i kēia ke pili i nā kūkākūkā me nā loea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā pulmonologists a i ʻole nephrologists.
  • Hoʻoponopono Diagnostic: E hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua he nui e loiloi i ko lākou olakino puʻuwai a me ke kūlana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau:
    • Echocardiogram: Hōʻike kēia hoʻāʻo ultrasound i ka hana o ka puʻuwai a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka stenosis aortic.
    • Catheterization Cardiac: Hiki ke hana i kēia kaʻina hana e loiloi i ka maʻi o ke aʻa coronary a me ke kahe koko o ka puʻuwai.
    • CT Scan: Hana pinepine ʻia kahi CT scan o ka umauma e loiloi i ka aorta a me ke anatomia o ka puʻuwai, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke ala maikaʻi loa no ke kau ʻana o ka valve.
  • Hooponopono Laau: Pono paha nā mea maʻi e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou mau lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua o ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ka hoʻōki ʻana i nā lāʻau hoʻokahe koko a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ke kahe ʻana o ke koko. He mea nui e hahai i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka mea lawelawe olakino e pili ana i ka hoʻokele lāʻau lapaʻau.
  • ʻO nā hoʻololi nohona: Paipai ʻia nā mea maʻi e lawe i kahi nohona olakino puʻuwai e alakaʻi ana i ke kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia kekahi:
    • ʻAi ʻana i ka meaʻai kaulike i waiwai i nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, nā palaoa holoʻokoʻa, a me nā protein lean.
    • Ke komo ʻana i nā hana kino māmā e like me ka mea i ʻae ʻia, ke ʻole ke aʻo ʻia e kekahi mea mālama ola.
    • Ka haʻalele ʻana i ka puhipaka, inā pono, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino holoʻokoʻa a me ka ho'ōla hou ʻana.
  • Ke hoʻonohonoho nei i ke kākoʻo: ʻOiai ʻo ka hana maʻamau a TAVR ma ke ʻano outpatient, pono nā mea maʻi e hoʻonohonoho i kahi lālā o ka ʻohana a i ʻole hoaaloha e hele pū me lākou i ka haukapila a kōkua me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka home ma hope o ke kaʻina hana.
  • Nā ʻŌlelo Aʻo no ka Hoʻokē ʻai: E loaʻa i nā mea maʻi nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hoʻokē ʻai ma mua o ke kaʻina hana. Ma ke ʻano laulā, e aʻo ʻia lākou ʻaʻole e ʻai a inu paha i kekahi mea ma hope o ke aumoe o ka pō ma mua o ke kaʻina hana.
  • Hoʻāʻo mua ʻana i ke kaʻina hana: I ka lā o ke kaʻina hana, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe, e like me nā hoʻāʻo koko a i ʻole ka electrocardiogram (ECG), e hōʻoia i ka mākaukau o ka mea maʻi no TAVR.

Ma ka hahai ʻana i kēia mau ʻanuʻu hoʻomākaukau, hiki i nā mea maʻi ke kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana aia lākou i ke kūlana maikaʻi loa no ke kaʻina hana TAVR, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hopena i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me ka hoʻōla hou ʻana.

Hoʻololi Valve Aortic Transcatheter (TAVR): Kaʻina Hana ʻAnuʻu

Hiki i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana TAVR ke kōkua i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i ka hopohopo a hoʻomākaukau i nā maʻi no ka mea e manaʻo ai. Eia kahi ʻike kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana:

  • Ka Hōʻea ʻana i ka Halemai: E hōʻea nā mea maʻi i ka haukapila i ka lā o ke kaʻina hana. E nānā lākou a e lawe ʻia paha i kahi ma mua o ke ʻoki ʻana kahi e hoʻololi ai lākou i ka lole haukapila.
  • Ka Loiloi Mamua: Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, e hana ke kime mālama ola i kahi loiloi hope loa, me ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ʻike o ka mea maʻi a me nā kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana.
  • Anesthesia: Hiki ke hana ʻia ʻo TAVR ma lalo o ka anesthesia kūloko me ka hoʻomaha a i ʻole ka anesthesia laulā, ma muli o ke kūlana o ka mea maʻi a me ka ʻōlelo a ke kauka. E kūkākūkā ka anesthesiologist i ke koho maikaʻi loa me ka mea maʻi.
  • Ka Hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ke Komo ʻana i ka Paena: E koho ke kauka i kahi e komo ai, ma ke ʻano maʻamau ma ka ʻūhā (femoral artery) a i ʻole, i kekahi mau hihia, ma o ka umauma (transapical a i ʻole transaortic approach). E hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka wahi a hoʻomānoʻo ʻia me ka anesthesia kūloko.
  • Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Catheter: E hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻōmole lahilahi a palupalu i kapa ʻia he catheter i loko o ke kahua komo i koho ʻia. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke alakaʻi kiʻi, ua hoʻokomo pono ʻia ke catheter ma o nā kīʻaha koko i ka puʻuwai.
  • Ka Hoʻouna ʻana o ka Valve: Ke hiki aku ka catheter i ka puʻuwai, ua kau ʻia ka valve aortic hou, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻouna, ma kahi o ka valve maʻi. A laila e hoʻolaha ke kauka i ka valve, e ʻae ana iā ia e hoʻonui a pani i kahi o ka valve kahiko.
  • Ka Loiloi ʻana o ka Hana Valve: Ma hope o ke kau ʻia ʻana o ka valve hou, e loiloi ke kauka i kāna hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka echocardiography a me nā ʻano hana kiʻi ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka hana pololei ʻana.
  • Ka wehe ʻana i ka catheter: Ke pau ke kaʻina hana, e wehe pono ʻia ke catheter. Inā ua hoʻohana ʻia ke aʻa femoral, hiki ke kau ʻia kahi mea pani e sila i kahi komo.
  • Hoʻouka hou: E hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā maʻi i kahi wahi hoʻōla kahi e nānā ʻia ai lākou no kekahi mau hola. E nānā mau ʻia nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, a hiki i nā maʻi ke loaʻa nā wai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ka mea e pono ai.
  • Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana: Ma hope o ka hoʻōla ʻana, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā maʻi i kahi lumi haukapila no ka nānā hou ʻana. Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi ke manaʻo e noho i ka haukapila no hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha lā, ma muli o ko lākou holomua i ka hoʻōla ʻana.
  • Nā ʻŌlelo Aʻo no ka Hoʻokuʻu ʻana: Ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, e loaʻa i nā mea maʻi nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana iā lākou iho ma ka home, me ka hoʻokele lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kapu hana, a me nā manawa hoʻopaʻa.
  • Malama hahai: E loaʻa i nā maʻi nā manawa hoʻopaʻa me kā lākou hui mālama ola e nānā i ko lākou ho'ōla ʻana a hōʻoia i ka hana pono ʻana o ka valve hou. Hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā echocardiograms maʻamau e loiloi i ka hana o ka puʻuwai i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana TAVR, hiki i nā mea maʻi ke manaʻo e ʻoi aku ka mana a me ka ʻike i ko lākou hoʻokele ʻana i kā lākou huakaʻi lapaʻau.

Nā Pōʻino a me nā Pilikia o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

E like me nā kaʻina hana lapaʻau a pau, loaʻa iā TAVR kekahi mau pilikia a me nā pilikia hiki ke loaʻa. ʻOiai he nui nā maʻi e ʻike i nā hopena holomua, he mea nui e makaʻala i nā pilikia maʻamau a me nā pilikia kakaʻikahi e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana. Eia kahi wehewehe:

Nā pilikia maʻamau:

  • Kaheʻana o ke koko: ʻOiai ʻo TAVR e pili ana i ke komo ʻana i nā kīʻaha koko, aia kahi pilikia o ke kahe ʻana o ke koko ma ia wahi. Hiki ke mālama ʻia kēia akā pono paha ke mālama hou ʻia.
  • Hoʻomaʻi: Aia kahi pilikia o ka maʻi ma kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka catheter a i ʻole, i nā hihia kakaikahi, endocarditis (ka maʻi o ka valve puʻuwai).
  • ʻO ka arrhythmias: Hiki i kekahi mau maʻi ke loaʻa i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai kūpono ʻole i ka wā a ma hope paha o ke kaʻina hana. He manawa pōkole ka hapa nui o nā arrhythmias a hoʻoponopono ʻia e lākou iho.
  • Kākau: Aia kahi pilikia liʻiliʻi o ka hahau ʻana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana ma muli o ka hemo ʻana o nā ʻōpala mai ka aorta a i ʻole ka puʻuwai. Ma ke ʻano laulā, he haʻahaʻa ka pilikia, akā he mea ia e noʻonoʻo ai.
  • Ke kūlana hewa o ka valve: I kekahi mau hihia, ʻaʻole paha e kau pono ʻia ka valve hou, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā pilikia. Inā hana ʻia kēia, pono paha nā kaʻina hana hou aʻe.
  • ʻEha o ka puʻupaʻa: Hiki i ka dye ʻokoʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ke kiʻi ʻana ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana o nā puʻupaʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā maʻi me nā pilikia puʻupaʻa mua.

Kakaʻikahi nā pilikia:

  • Maʻi hohola: ʻOiai he mea kakaikahi, aia kahi hiki ke loaʻa kahi hōʻeha puʻuwai i ka manawa a ma hope koke iho paha o ke kaʻina hana.
  • Nā mea e pono ai no kahi Pacemaker: Pono paha kekahi mau maʻi i kahi pacemaker ma hope o TAVR ma muli o nā loli i ka rhythm o ka puʻuwai a i ʻole ke alakaʻi ʻana.
  • ʻAotic Dissection: He pilikia kakaikahi kēia akā koʻikoʻi kahi e haehae ai nā papa o ka aorta, a hiki ke alakaʻi i nā kūlana hoʻoweliweli i ke ola.
  • ʻO ka make: ʻOiai ʻo ka TAVR he palekana maʻamau, aia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka make e pili ana me ke kaʻina hana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā poʻe maʻi me nā maʻi like ʻole.
  • Ka Hana ʻole o ka Valve Prosthetic: I nā hihia kakaikahi, ʻaʻole paha e hana ka valve hou e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, e alakaʻi ana i ka pono no ke komo hou ʻana.

He mea nui i nā maʻi ke kūkākūkā i kēia mau pilikia me kā lākou hui mālama ola e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou mau kumu pilikia pilikino a hana i nā hoʻoholo naʻauao e pili ana i kā lākou mau koho lapaʻau. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo TAVR e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke ʻano o ke ola a me nā hopena no nā maʻi he nui me ka stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi, e lilo ia i koho waiwai nui ma ke kahua o ka cardiology.

Hoʻōla hou ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve (TAVR)

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama kuʻuna. Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi ke manaʻo e noho i ka haukapila no kahi o 1 a 3 mau lā, ma muli o ko lākou olakino holoʻokoʻa a me nā pilikia e kū mai ana. I loko o kēia manawa, e nānā nā mea lawelawe olakino i ka hana o kou puʻuwai a mālama i kekahi ʻeha a ʻoluʻolu ʻole paha.

Ka Papa Manawa Hoʻōla i Manaʻo ʻia:

  • ʻO ka pule mua: ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻike ka poʻe maʻi i ka luhi a loaʻa paha kekahi ʻoluʻolu ʻole ma kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ke catheter. Paipai ʻia nā hana māmā, e like me ka hele wāwae, e hoʻoulu i ke kahe koko.
  • Nā Hanana 2-4: Hoʻomaka ka nui o nā maʻi e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pae ikehu. Hiki i ka hapa nui ke hoʻi i nā hana māmā o kēlā me kēia lā, akā pono e pale ʻia ka hāpai kaumaha a me ka hoʻoikaika kino ikaika.
  • 1-3 mahina: I kēia manawa, hiki i nā mea maʻi he nui ke hoʻi hou i nā hana maʻamau, me ka hoʻokele kaʻa a me ka hoʻi ʻana i ka hana, ma muli o ko lākou ho'ōla pono'ī a me ka ʻōlelo aʻo a ke kauka.

Manaʻo kōkua ma hope:

  • Koho no ka hahai ana: He mea nui ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻana me kāu cardiologist e nānā i ke olakino o kou puʻuwai a me ka hana o ka valve.
  • Hooponopono Laau: He mea nui ka mālama ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi ʻia, me nā lāʻau hoʻokahe koko, e pale aku i nā pilikia.
  • ʻAi a me ka nohona: ʻO ka ʻai olakino no ka puʻuwai e waiwai ana i nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, nā palaoa piha, a me nā protein lean e kōkua i ka ho'ōla hou ʻana. Paipai ʻia hoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka puhi paka a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka inu ʻona.
  • Hana kino: E hoʻonui mālie i ka hana kino e like me ka ʻōlelo a kāu mea mālama ola. He ala maikaʻi ka hele wāwae e hoʻomaka ai.

I ka wā e hiki ai ke hoʻomaka hou i nā hana maʻamau:

Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi ke hoʻi i kā lākou hana maʻamau i loko o kekahi mau pule, akā he mea nui e hoʻolohe i kou kino a kūkākūkā me kāu kauka ma mua o ka hoʻi hou ʻana i nā hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​haʻuki koʻikoʻi.

Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

Hāʻawi ʻo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) i nā pono he nui, ʻoiai no nā poʻe maʻi me ka stenosis aortic ʻaʻole paha he mau moho kūpono no ke ʻoki kino kuʻuna. Eia kekahi mau hoʻomaikaʻi olakino koʻikoʻi a me nā hopena maikaʻi o ke ola e pili ana me TAVR:

  • ʻO ke kaʻina hana invasive liʻiliʻi: Hana ʻia ʻo TAVR ma o kahi ʻoki liʻiliʻi, pinepine ma ka ʻūhā, kahi e emi ai ka ʻeha a me ka ho'ōla wikiwiki ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻoki puʻuwai hāmama.
  • Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana naʻau: Hoʻomaopopo pinepine nā mea maʻi i nā hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hana a me nā hōʻailona o ka puʻuwai, e like me ka pōkole o ka hanu a me ka luhi, ma hope koke iho o ke kaʻina hana.
  • Hoʻonui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ke ola: He nui nā poʻe maʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi ola maikaʻi ma hope o TAVR, me ka hiki ke komo i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā a hauʻoli i ke ola piha.
  • ʻO ka pilikia haʻahaʻa o nā pilikia: Ua pili ʻo TAVR me ka emi ʻana o ka pilikia o nā pilikia, e like me ka maʻi a me ka noho lōʻihi ʻana ma ka haukapila, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā koho ʻokiʻoki kuʻuna.
  • Nā Hopena Lōʻihi: Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki iā TAVR ke hāʻawi i nā hopena like a ʻoi aku paha i ka wā lōʻihi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke pani ʻana o ka valve aortic ʻoki kino, ʻoiai i nā poʻe maʻi kiʻekiʻe ka pilikia.

ʻEhia ke kumukūʻai o kahi Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) ma India?

ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) ma India maʻamau mai ₹2100,000 a i ₹35,00,000. Hiki i kekahi mau kumu ke hoʻololi i ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa, me:

  • Koho Halemai: Hiki i nā haukapila like ʻole ke loaʻa nā ʻano kumukūʻai like ʻole ma muli o kā lākou mau pono hana a me ka ʻike loea.
  • Location: Hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa nā kumukūʻai ma waena o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kuaʻāina, a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā haukapila metropolitan.
  • Ke ʻano o ka lumi: Hiki i ke koho ʻana o ka lumi (pilikino, hapa pilikino, a i ʻole laulā) ke hoʻopilikia i ka huina kumukūʻai.
  • Nā hōʻailona: Hiki i nā pilikia i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i ka wā a ma hope paha o ke kaʻina hana ke hoʻonui i nā lilo holoʻokoʻa.

I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka ʻinikua a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​papahana aupuni ke uhi i kahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai.

Hāʻawi ʻo Apollo Hospitals i kekahi mau pono, me nā hale hana hou loa, nā loea lapaʻau akamai, a me ka mālama piha, e hoʻolilo ana iā TAVR i koho kūpono ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina Komohana, kahi e hiki ai ke uku nui ʻia ke kaʻina hana. No ke kumukūʻai pololei a me nā koho mālama pilikino, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e hoʻokaʻaʻike pololei i nā Apollo Hospitals.

Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia e pili ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

He aha nā hoʻololi i ka meaʻai e pono iaʻu e hana ma mua o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), he mea nui e mālama i kahi papaʻai olakino no ka puʻuwai. E kālele i ka ʻai ʻana i nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, nā palaoa piha, a me nā protein lean. E pale i nā meaʻai kiʻekiʻe-sodium a me nā meaʻai momona kiʻekiʻe. E kūkākūkā i nā kapu meaʻai kikoʻī me kāu mea mālama ola.

Hiki iaʻu ke ʻai maʻamau ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Ma hope o ke kāpili ʻana o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻi i ka papaʻai maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, he mea kūpono ke hoʻomau i ka hahai ʻana i kahi papaʻai olakino no ka puʻuwai e kākoʻo i kou hoʻōla ʻana a me ke olakino holoʻokoʻa o ka puʻuwai. E kūkākūkā me kāu kauka no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pilikino no ka papaʻai.

He aha nā mea e pono ai i nā poʻe maʻi ʻelemakule ke ʻike e pili ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Pono nā poʻe maʻi ʻelemakule e noʻonoʻo ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) e ʻike he emi pinepine ka invasive o kēia kaʻina hana a he pōkole ka manawa hoʻōla ma mua o ke ʻoki kino kuʻuna. He mea nui e kūkākūkā i nā kūlana olakino e kū nei me kāu mea mālama ola e hōʻoia i nā hopena maikaʻi loa.

He palekana anei ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) i ka wā hāpai?

ʻAʻole hana pinepine ʻia ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) i ka wā hāpai ma muli o nā pilikia kūpono i ka makuahine a me ka ʻōpū. Inā hāpai ʻoe a loaʻa iā ʻoe ka aortic stenosis, e kūkākūkā me kāu mea mālama ola no nā koho hoʻokele ʻē aʻe.

Hiki i nā keiki ke hana ʻia me ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Ua hoʻolālā nui ʻia ʻo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) no nā pākeke me ka stenosis aortic. He mea kākaʻikahi nā hihia pediatric, a pono paha nā keiki me nā pilikia valve puʻuwai i nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole. E kūkākūkā me kahi cardiologist pediatric no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kikoʻī.

Pehea ka hopena o ka momona i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Hiki i ka momona ke hoʻopilikia i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā pilikia ʻoki kino a me nā pilikia hiki. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā poʻe maʻi momona he nui ke hana i ka TAVR. He mea nui e kūkākūkā i kou kaumaha a me ke olakino holoʻokoʻa me kāu mea mālama ola ma mua o ke kaʻina hana.

He aha inā loaʻa iaʻu ka maʻi diabetes a pono iaʻu ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi diabetes, he mea nui e hoʻokele i kou pae kō koko ma mua a ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). Hiki i ka hoʻokele maʻi diabetes kūpono ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena ʻoki a me ka hoʻōla ʻana. E kūkākūkā i kāu hoʻolālā hoʻokele maʻi diabetes me kāu hui mālama ola.

Pehea ka hopena o ke koko kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Hiki i ke koko kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia o nā pilikia i ka wā a ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). He mea nui e kāohi i kou koko ma mua o ke kaʻina hana e hōʻoia i nā hopena maikaʻi loa. E hana pū me kāu mea mālama ola e hoʻokele pono i kou koko kiʻekiʻe.

He aha nā pilikia o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) no nā poʻe maʻi me ka mōʻaukala o ke ʻoki puʻuwai?

Hiki i nā maʻi me ka mōʻaukala o ke ʻoki puʻuwai ke kū i nā pilikia hou aʻe i ka wā o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā mea he nui ke pōmaikaʻi mai ke kaʻina hana. ʻO kahi loiloi piha e kāu cardiologist e kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ala maikaʻi loa no kou kūlana kikoʻī.

ʻEhia ka lōʻihi e hoʻōla ai mai ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

ʻO ka hoʻōla ʻana mai ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) he mau pule ka lōʻihi. Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi ke hoʻi i nā hana maʻamau i loko o hoʻokahi mahina, akā ʻokoʻa paha nā manawa hoʻōla pākahi. E hahai i nā ʻōlelo a kāu mea lawelawe olakino no ka hoʻōla palekana.

He aha kaʻu e manaʻo ai i ka wā o kaʻu mau manawa hoʻopaʻa ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

ʻO nā manawa hoʻopaʻa ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka hana o kou puʻuwai, ka mālama ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka loiloi ʻana i kāu holomua hoʻōla. E hoʻonohonoho kāu mea mālama ola i kēia mau manawa hoʻopaʻa e pili ana i kāu mau pono pilikino.

Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaka hou i ka hoʻoikaika kino ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

ʻAe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka mālie i ka hoʻoikaika kino ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). E hoʻomaka me nā hana māmā, e like me ka hele wāwae, a e hahai i nā alakaʻi a kāu mea mālama ola no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi.

He kūpono anei ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) no nā maʻi me ka stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi?

ʻAe, he mea kūpono loa ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) no nā poʻe maʻi me ka stenosis aortic koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ka poʻe i pilikia nui no ke ʻoki kino kuʻuna. Nui nā poʻe maʻi e ʻike i ka hōʻoluʻolu nui o nā hōʻailona a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o ka puʻuwai ma hope o ke kaʻina hana.

He aha nā hōʻailona o nā pilikia ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

ʻO nā hōʻailona o nā pilikia ma hope o ke kāpili ʻana o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) e komo pū me ka ʻeha nui o ka umauma, ka pōkole o ka hanu, ke kuni, a i ʻole ka pehu ʻana ma kahi o ka catheter. Inā ʻike ʻoe i kekahi o kēia mau hōʻailona, ​​e kelepona koke aku i kāu mea mālama ola.

Pehea e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) me ke ʻoki kino kuʻuna?

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka invasive o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) ma mua o ke ʻoki kuʻuna, e hopena ana i ka manawa hoʻōla pōkole a me ka emi ʻana o nā pilikia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke koho maikaʻi loa e pili ana i nā mea maʻi pākahi, no laila e nīnau i kāu mea mālama ola no ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pilikino.

He aha nā hoʻololi o ke ʻano o ka nohona e pono iaʻu e hana ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve (TAVR)?

Ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), e kālele i ka mālama ʻana i kahi nohona olakino. ʻO kēia ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai kaulike, ka hoʻoikaika kino mau, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha, a me ka pale ʻana i ka puhipaka. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻololi ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kou olakino puʻuwai holoʻokoʻa.

Hiki iaʻu ke hele ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi ke hele ma hope o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), akā he mea nui e nīnau mua i kāu mea mālama ola. Hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi i ka wā e palekana ai ka hele ʻana a me nā hana palekana āu e pono ai e hana.

He aha kaʻu e hana ai inā hopohopo wau e pili ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

He mea maʻamau ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). E kūkākūkā i kou mau hopohopo me kāu mea mālama ola kino, hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo a me nā kumuwaiwai e kōkua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i kou hopohopo ma mua a ma hope o ke kaʻina hana.

Pehea ka hopena o ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) i koʻu olakino lōʻihi?

Hiki i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kou olakino lōʻihi ma o ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka stenosis aortic a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana o ka puʻuwai. He mea nui nā hahai mau ʻana a me ke ʻano olakino no ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau pono.

He aha nā kumuwaiwai i loaʻa no nā poʻe maʻi e noʻonoʻo ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?

Hiki i nā maʻi e noʻonoʻo ana i ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) ke komo i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao mai nā mea lawelawe olakino, nā hui kākoʻo, a me nā ʻaha kūkā pūnaewele. Hāʻawi pū ʻo Apollo Hospitals i ka mālama piha a me ka ʻike no nā maʻi ma o kā lākou huakaʻi.

Panina

ʻO ka Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) kahi hana hoʻololi no nā poʻe maʻi e ʻeha nei i ka stenosis aortic, e hāʻawi ana i kahi koho minimally invasive me nā pono koʻikoʻi. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻoe i kēia kaʻina hana, he mea nui e kūkākūkā me kahi loea lapaʻau e hiki ke alakaʻi iā ʻoe ma ke kaʻina hana a kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena hiki. Wi

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ʻŌlelo Hoʻokuʻu: No nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao wale nō kēia ʻike a ʻaʻole ia he pani no ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo lapaʻau loea. E kūkākūkā mau me kāu kauka no nā hopohopo olakino.

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