Pathology

Pathology daya ne daga cikin sassan da ke karkashin sabis na dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda shine babban abin da ke tabbatar da ganewar asali, kuma yana hasashen yiwuwar karatun asibiti ta haka zai zama ginshikin gudanarwa.
 Samfuran da aka samu ta dakin gwaje-gwajen cututtukan cututtuka ana yin gyaran nama tare da shirye-shirye ta hanyoyin dabaru waɗanda ke taimaka mana mu bincika kyallen takarda a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Gyaran nama da aka sarrafa da kyau yana ba da izinin adana kyallen nama da kuma amfani da nama don ƙarin bincike ciki har da Immuno histochemistry da nazarin kwayoyin halitta.  Manyan nau’o’in samfuran da aka samu daga dakin gwaje-gwajen cututtuka sun haɗa da manya-manyan samfuran gabaɗayan gabobi ko sassansu, waɗanda ake cirewa yayin aikin tiyata. Pieces na nama maimakon dukan gabobin da aka cire a matsayin biopsies kamar excision biopsies - ana cire nama tare da fatar fata (misali cirewar fata don tawadar da ake tuhuma), an shigar da ainihin kwayar halitta- allura a cikin wani taro mai tuhuma don cire ainihin nama wanda za a iya bincika a ƙarƙashin na'ura mai kwakwalwa (misali don bincika kullin nono) har ma da gwajin ƙwayar kasusuwa don dalilai na tantancewa / bincike.  Don ganewar asali nan take da matsayi na gefe yayin aikin tiyata (kimanin ciki) ana yin sashin daskararre. Wannan yana bawa likitan tiyata damar yanke shawarar iyakar tiyata a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kansa.

Immuno histochemistry wata dabara ce ta dakin gwaje-gwaje da ake amfani da ita don gano takamaiman antigens (sunadarai) a cikin kyallen takarda don sel dangane da ganewar antigen-antibody. Masana ilimin cututtuka suna amfani da IHC don gano idan ciwon ciwon daji ba shi da kyau ko rashin lafiya, don sanin matakinsa da matakinsa, da kuma gano nau'in tantanin halitta da asalin ƙwayar cuta don gano wurin da ciwon farko ya kasance. Muna yin Immuno histochemistry ta amfani da cikakkiyar dandamali mai sarrafa kansa don bincike, tsinkaye iri-iri da alamun tsinkaya a cikin cututtukan daji. Muna da bangarori da aka tsara don ciwon daji, sarcomas da lymphomas. Ana samun panel ɗin mai karɓa na hormone kamar alamar Lymphoma Panel CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD15, CD20, CD21, CD23, CD30, CD43, CD56, CD68, CD79a, CD138, LCA, LMP, BCL2, BCL6, MUM-1, Oct-2, BOB -1, CYCLIND1, CD138, KAPPA, LAMBDA, c-Myc, ALK da Alamar Panel ɗin Non Lymphoma ALKD5F3, CD31, CD34, CD99, CK, CK(HMW), CK7, CK20, CK5/6, CK8/18, EMA, GATA-3, Glypican - 3, GCDFP-15, SMA, MSA, PSA, PSAP,PLAP, VIMENTIN, DESMIN, HMB45, HER2NEU, CA125, CALDESMON, ,INHIBIN ALPHA,CALRETININ, BEREP4, TTF, GCDFP15, CKIT, CEA(Monoclonal), CEA (polyclonal), SYNAPTOPHYSIN, CALDESMON, SYNAPTOPHYSIN, CALDESMON THYROGLOBULIN, MART100, MYOD1, CK1, CDX19, BETACATENIN, CD2a, AMACAR, ANNEXIN, ARGI NASE, CD1, HHV56, IgG8, IgG, EMA, PAX-4, PD-8, RCC, S1, SAT-100, , SOX-2, GFAP, IDH-10, ATRX, NF, OLIG-11, P1, P2, KI53, EBER -ISH, MLH- 63, MSH-67, PMS-1, MSH-2, BRAF, D2, CKIT, DOG-6, E-cadherin, GRANZYME- B, HEP-240, IgG, IgG1, INI-1, RCC, SALL4, STAT-1, WT-4, FLI. Har ila yau, muna yin fa'idodi masu yawa na neuro-oncology immunohistochemistry panels don ciwace-ciwacen tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Bugu da kari, dakin gwaje-gwajen mu kuma yana amfani da gwaje-gwaje kamar a cikin yanayin yanayin don cutar Epstein-Barr, Kwamitin Rashin kwanciyar hankali na Microsatellite, gwajin BRAF, gwajin PD-L6 (SP1 da SP1) waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen keɓance sarrafa haƙuri ta hanyar rigakafi da aka yi niyya.

Na yau da kullun da duban dan tayi suna jagorantar hanyoyin buƙatun allura: Ruwa da ƙananan ƙananan nama (kwayoyin mutum ɗaya maimakon ƙungiyoyin sel, misali cikin ruwa daga cikin huhu) ana iya samun kyakkyawan buri na allura. Ana yin wannan ta amfani da allura mai sirara fiye da wadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin kwayar halitta, amma tare da irin wannan fasaha. Irin wannan nau'in abu yawanci ruwa ne maimakon m, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi don cytology maimakon histology. Cytology ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen nunin faifai da bayar da rahoton gynecological (Pap smears) da samfuran da ba gynecological ba (ruwan jiki da ruwan cerebrospinal). Muna yin cytology na tushen Liquid ta amfani da tsarin mai sarrafa kansa don ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen yaduwar ƙwayoyin epithelial wanda ke ba mu damar samar da sakamako mai gamsarwa. Har ila yau, muna amfani da tubalan tantanin halitta azaman haɗin kai na yau da kullun zuwa smears na cytological da aka saba yi don gwajin ruwa. Ana iya ƙara amfani da waɗannan tubalan tantanin halitta don nazarin ilimin halitta da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Sashen da ke mai da hankali kan jini da ciwon daji masu alaƙa da jini wanda ke ɗaukar kusan kashi 10% na duk cutar kansa. Ya samo asali ne daga kasusuwan kasusuwa wanda shine babban tushen samar da jini kuma yana shafar samarwa da aikin kwayoyin jini. Jini ya kunshi nau’ukan kwayoyin halitta guda uku: Jajayen Kwayoyin jini, Farin jinin jini da Platelets. Idan akwai ciwon daji, tsarin samar da jini yana katsewa saboda haɓakar nau'in kwayar halitta mara kyau. Daban-daban iri sun hada da:  cutar sankarar bargo: Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon saurin samar da kwayoyin jini marasa al’ada a cikin kasusuwan kasusuwa wanda ke shafar karfin marrow na samar da jajayen kwayoyin jini da platelets.  Lymphoma: Wannan nau’in ciwon daji ne na jini wanda ke shafar tsarin lymphatic wanda ke da alhakin samar da lymphocytes (wani nau'in farin jini mai yaki da kamuwa da cuta) da kuma kawar da ruwa mai yawa daga jiki. Ci gaban da ba a iya sarrafawa ba na waɗannan ƙananan lymphocytes yana haifar da lymphoma wanda ke yaduwa zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph da sauran kyallen takarda.  Myeloma: Shi ne nau'in ciwon daji na jini wanda ke shafar ƙwayoyin plasma (waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu yaƙar cututtuka a cikin jiki), yana haifar da raunin garkuwar jiki.

Haemato Oncology sanye take da na'ura na fasahar Flow Cytometry wanda ke neman wasu abubuwa (alamomi/maganin rigakafi) akan ko a cikin sel waɗanda ke taimakawa gano nau'ikan sel. Ana iya amfani da wannan gwajin don ganin ko ƙwayoyin lymphocytes a cikin samfurin jini sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin CLL. Hakazalika ana iya amfani da cytometry mai gudana don gano ƙananan fararen ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira fashewa ko dai a cikin bargon ƙashi ko kuma na gefen jini. Waɗannan fashewar lokacin da aka same su da yawa a cikin jini na gefe ko kasusuwa ana kiran su cutar sankarar bargo. Flow Cytometry kuma yana ba da damar gano nau'ikan cutar sankarar bargo iri-iri. Bayan jiyya, ana iya amfani da cytometry kwarara don tantance ko fashewar har yanzu tana nan ko kuma an kawar da su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar chemotherapy. Ana kiran wannan gano ƙarancin cutar saura ko MRD. Flow Cytometry na iya bincikar Hodgkin Lymphoma na Classical a cikin Lymph Nodes tare da babban hankali da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun su tare da sauran ƙwayoyin lymphoma na Non-Hodgkin inda za a iya yin gwajin gwaji don sanin ko lymphoma yana nan ko a'a. Ana amfani da Cytometry na Flow don Immuno phenotyping na nau'ikan samfurori iri-iri, gami da jini gaba ɗaya, bargon ƙashi, ruwan rami mai ƙarfi, ruwan cerebrospinal, fitsari, da ƙaƙƙarfan kyallen takarda. A cikin Flow Cytometry, samfurin sel daga biopsy, cytology samfurin, ko samfurin jini ana bi da su tare da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na musamman. Kowane antibody yana mannewa kawai ga wasu nau'ikan sel waɗanda ke da antigens waɗanda suka dace da shi. Yawancin lokaci, duk abin da ake buƙata don gano takamaiman nau'in tantanin halitta shine ƙirƙirar antibody monoclonal don gane wannan tantanin halitta. Sa'an nan kuma an haɗa rini mai kyalli zuwa ga antibody, kuma cytometry na gudana zai iya samun dukkanin ƙwayoyin da antibody ke hari. Sannan ana wuce ƙwayoyin sel a gaban katakon Laser don samar da makircin bayanai masu amfani don ƙwararren cytometrist ya fassara. Babban Kwayar cutar sankarar bargo- B-Lymphoid Alamar & M Myeloid Leukemia Panel B-Lymphoid Alamar sun haɗa da CD10, CD19, CD20, CD22, Nuclear TDT T- Lymphoid da Alamar NK CD1a, CD 2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD56 Alamar Myeloid CD13, CD15, CD16, CD33, CD117 Monocytic Markers CD4, CD11b, CD14, CD64 Cytoplasmic Alamar - MPO, CD79a da CD3 Alamomin da ba na layi ba CD34, HLADR, CD45, Myeloma Panel Cyto Kappa, cyto Lambda, CD56, CD10, CD38, CD138 & CD19, Na kullum B Lymph yaduwa cuta Panel Kappa, Lambda, CD28, CD20, CD45c, CD38, CD10, CD11, CD19, CD5, CD20, IgM, CD103, CD180, CD200, CD43, CD21, CD3, CD16, CD56, TCR g/d , FMC7, CD8 & CD4, CD7+ cell cell enumeration CD23, Iso clonic iko, Viability rini, kara adadin beads.