Biochemistry shine aikace-aikacen sunadarai don nazarin hanyoyin nazarin halittu a matakan salula da kwayoyin halitta. Biochemistry ya zama ginshiƙin fahimtar duk hanyoyin nazarin halittu. Yana ba da bayanin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa kuma ya sami matsayinsa a cikin ganewar asali da maganin ciwon daji.

Kai da Neck Oncology: Ferritin, sialic acid mai haɗin lipid (LSA), antigen carcinoembryonic (CEA) da TPA (Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen) ya bayyana suna da hankali.
alamomi don hasashen ciwon kansa da wuyansa.
Magungunan Kankara na Yara & Haematology: NA

Za a iya yin gwajin aikin hanta don tantance aikin hanta, wanda ciwon daji na ciki zai iya yadawa.
Alamar Tumor: Alamar CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) da CA 19-9 (antigen ciwon daji) wani lokaci ana tashe su a cikin ciwon daji da sauran cututtukan daji.
Ciwon Hanta: Ana gwajin jini don bincikar rashin daidaituwa a cikin aikin hanta, waɗannan sun haɗa da tantancewar Alanine transaminase (ALT). ALT wani enzyme ne da aka samo a cikin hanta wanda ke taimakawa canza sunadaran zuwa makamashi don ƙwayoyin hanta. Lokacin da hanta ta lalace, ana fitar da ALT cikin jini kuma matakan haɓaka. Aspartate transaminase (AST). AST wani enzyme ne wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita amino acid. Kamar ALT, AST yawanci yana cikin jini a ƙananan matakan. Ƙara yawan matakan AST na iya nuna lalacewar hanta, cuta ko lalacewar tsoka.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): ALP wani enzyme ne da ake samu a cikin hanta da kashi kuma yana da mahimmanci don rushe sunadarai. Matakan ALP mafi girma fiye da na al'ada na iya nuna lalacewar hanta ko cuta, kamar toshewar bile duct ko wasu cututtukan kashi.
Albumin da jimlar furotin: Albumin ɗaya ne daga cikin sunadaran da aka yi a cikin hanta. Jikin ku yana buƙatar waɗannan sunadaran don yaƙar cututtuka da kuma yin wasu ayyuka. Ƙananan matakan albumin da jimlar furotin na iya nuna lalacewar hanta ko cuta. Bilirubin. Bilirubin wani sinadari ne da ake samarwa a lokacin da aka saba rushewar kwayoyin jajayen jini. Bilirubin yana wucewa ta hanta kuma yana fitar da shi a cikin stool. Matsayin haɓakar bilirubin (jaundice) na iya nuna lalacewar hanta ko cuta ko wasu nau'ikan anemia.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): GGT wani enzyme ne a cikin jini. Matakan sama fiye da na al'ada na iya nuna lalacewar hanta ko bile duct.
Alamar Tumor – Serum AFP: AFP na nufin alpha-fetoprotein. Yana da furotin da aka yi a cikin hanta jariri mai tasowa. Ya kamata manya masu lafiya su sami ƙananan matakan AFP. Babban matakan AFP na iya zama alamar ciwon hanta kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen gano ciwon daji lokacin amfani da wasu gwaje-gwaje. Ana iya amfani da gwajin don taimakawa wajen lura da ingancin maganin cutar kansa da kuma ganin ko ciwon daji ya dawo bayan kun gama jiyya.

Binciken fitsari: Wannan gwajin gwaji ne mai sauƙi don bincika jini da sauran abubuwa a cikin samfurin fitsari.
Sitology na fitsari: Don wannan gwajin, ana duba samfurin fitsari tare da na'urar hangen nesa don ganin ko akwai ciwon daji ko ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a ciki. Ana kuma yin cytology akan kowane wanke mafitsara da aka ɗauka yayin cystoscopy (duba ƙasa). Cytology na iya taimakawa gano wasu cututtukan daji, amma ba cikakke ba ne. Rashin samun kansa akan wannan gwajin ba koyaushe yana nufin cewa ba ku da ciwon daji. Al'adun fitsari: Idan kuna da alamun fitsari, ana iya yin wannan gwajin don ganin ko kamuwa da cuta (maimakon ciwon daji) shine sanadin. Cututtukan tsarin fitsari da ciwon daji na mafitsara na iya haifar da alamomi iri ɗaya. Don al'adar fitsari, ana sanya samfurin fitsari a cikin tasa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don ba da damar kowane ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikin su girma. Yana iya ɗaukar lokaci kafin ƙwayoyin cuta su girma, don haka yana iya ɗaukar ƴan kwanaki kafin a sami sakamakon wannan gwajin.
Biochemistry: Ana amfani da gwajin jini da farko don tabbatar da cewa kodan naka suna aiki akai-akai. Ya kamata a samu sinadarin urea nitrogen da matakan creatinine ga duk marasa lafiya da ake zargin kansar mafitsara a cikinsu. Idan ana zargin cutar ta metastatic, cikakken adadin jini da cikakken panel na rayuwa, gami da matakin alkaline phosphatase da kimanta aikin hanta, sun dace. Ƙimar tacewa ta Glomerular (eGFR): An sami raguwar ƙididdige ƙimar tacewa ta glomerular (eGFR) yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗari mai mahimmanci ga ciwon renal da urothelial.

Sitology na fitsari: Ciwon daji na renal zai sami jini a cikin fitsarinsu. Idan majiyyaci yana da carcinoma cell cell (a cikin ƙashin ƙugu, ureter, ko mafitsara), wani lokaci gwaji na musamman na samfurin fitsari (wanda ake kira cytology na fitsari) zai nuna ainihin kwayoyin ciwon daji a cikin fitsari. Cikakken adadin jini (CBC): Wannan gwaji ne da ke auna adadin sel daban-daban a cikin jini. Wannan sakamakon gwajin sau da yawa ba shi da kyau a cikin masu fama da cutar kansar koda.
Gwaje-gwajen Biochemistry: Yawancin matakan enzymes hanta ana samun wasu lokuta. Za a iya samun matakan calcium mai hawan jini wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin gwaje-gwajen hoto. Gwajin sinadarai na jini kuma yana auna aikin koda, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman idan an yi gwajin hoto ko kuma idan an shirya tiyata.

Tumor Makers antigen antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), ciwon daji antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29), da carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - an yi amfani da su don taimakawa wajen kula da ciwon nono na metastatic (cutar ci gaba),

Alamar Tumor: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEAs) tana wakiltar rukunin glycoprotein iri-iri, tare da abubuwan da aka sani na antigenic gama gari. Ana samar da CEA ta hanyar sel sakatare na al'ada na al'ada na gastrointestinal fili kuma an cika shi da farko a cikin hanta. Ana samun mafi girman ma'aunin alamar a cikin marasa lafiya tare da hanta metastases daga carcinoma na hanji. Gwajin CEA yana da amfani a cikin kula da asibiti na ciwon huhu.
Chromogranin A: furotin ne da aka saki daga sel neuroendocrine wanda aka nuna a cikin jini na marasa lafiya da ciwon huhu. Adrenocorticotropic hormone: kananan cell carcinoma na huhu (SCLC), wanda ya samo asali daga neuroendocrine nama, zai iya ci gaba zuwa paraneoplastic endocrin syndromes, irin su Cushing ciwo, saboda rashin dacewa mugunya na ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Insulin-kamar girma factor 1 (IGF1): babban matakan kewayawar insulin-kamar girma factor 1 (IGF1), babban ligand don IGF1R, yana ƙara haɗarin haɓaka cutar huhu a nan gaba.

Neuron takamaiman enolase (NSE): an lura da matakan jini na NSE a cikin marasa lafiya tare da neuroblastomas da m gliomas, da sauransu.

Alamar Tumor - Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA): Mafi yawan alamar ƙari ga ciwon daji mai launi shine carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Gwaje-gwajen jini don wannan alamar ƙari na iya nuna wani lokaci wani yana iya samun ciwon daji mai launin launi, amma ba za a iya amfani da su kadai don tantancewa ko gano ciwon daji Babban matakan CEA na iya nuna cewa ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Bugu da ƙari, wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da CEA don ƙarawa. Ana amfani da gwajin CEA sau da yawa don saka idanu kan kansar launin fata ga mutanen da suka riga sun karɓi magani. Ba shi da amfani azaman gwajin gwaji. Ciwon daji na Gwaji:Akwai mahimman alamomin ƙari guda uku don ciwon daji na testicular: Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP furotin ne wanda jakar gwaiwar tayi, hanta da gastrointestinal tract ke ɓoye kuma yana bayyana a cikin manyan matakan jini na tayin. NSGCT na iya ɓoyewa na AFP wanda ke ɗauke da carcinoma na amfrayo, tumor jakar gwaiduwa ko teratoma. Ta hanyar ma'anar, seminoma ko choriocarcinoma ba sa ɓoye AFP. Don haka, duk wani majiyyaci mai girman AFP dole ne ya kasance yana da wani ɓangaren da bai dace ba na kansar testis.
Gonadotropin Chorionic Human (HCG): HCG shine glycoprotein da mahaifa ta samar don kula da corpus luteum yayin daukar ciki. Ana iya haɓaka HCG a cikin wasu cututtuka masu yawa, ciki har da ciwon daji na hanta, huhu, pancreas da ciki. A cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayar cuta, gami da duka seminomas da NSGCT, ƙwayoyin cutar kansa na iya canzawa zuwa syncytiotrophoblasts (wani ɓangaren al'ada na mahaifa) da ɓoye HCG. Matakan da suka fi 5,000 IU yawanci suna nuna alamar NSGCT, kuma a cikin NSGCT, matakan da suka fi girma na HCG suna haɗuwa da mummunan tsinkaye. Koyaya, Seminoma mai samar da HCG (kimanin kashi 15 na seminomas) yana da tsinkaye iri ɗaya da seminoma wanda baya haifar da HCG.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): LDH shine enzyme na salula wanda aka samo a cikin kowane nama a cikin jiki. Ana samun mafi girma na LDH a cikin nama na al'ada a cikin tsoka (ciki har da kwarangwal, zuciya da santsi), hanta da kwakwalwa. LDH ba ta ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ciwon daji na testis fiye da HCG ko AFP. Koyaya, matakan LDH da aka haɓaka suna da alaƙa da babban nauyin ƙari a cikin seminoma da maimaitawa a cikin NSGCT.

Gwajin-takamaiman prostate (PSA): Ana zana samfurin jini daga jijiya a hannunka kuma an bincika don PSA, wani abu wanda glandan prostate ɗinka ke samarwa ta zahiri. Matsayi mafi girma fiye da na al'ada na PSA na iya nuna kamuwa da cutar prostate, kumburi, haɓaka ko ciwon daji.

Gwajin jini: Kima na yau da kullun na gwaje-gwajen aikin renal, electrolytes da gwajin aikin hanta za a ba da shawarar likita don taimakawa a cikin jiyya, kima da bibiya. Skin Cancer: Likitoci sukan gwada jini don matakan wani abu da ake kira lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kafin magani. Idan melanoma ya yada zuwa sassa masu nisa na jiki, ana amfani da babban matakin LDH don tsarawa da tasiri na jiyya.
Ciwon daji na Kashi: Mutanen da ke da osteosarcoma ko Ewing sarcoma na iya samun mafi girma alkaline phosphatase da lactate dehydrogenase matakan a cikin jini. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa matakan girma ba koyaushe yana nufin ciwon daji ba.