Best Neurosciences Hospital in Gurugram | Apollo Hospitals

• Iskæmisk slagtilfælde: A blood clot blocks an artery supplying part of the brain. Symptoms can include sudden facial drooping, weakness or numbness on one side, difficulty speaking, loss of balance or sudden visual loss. Call 112 and reach an emergency department immediately. Eligible patients may receive intravenous clot-dissolving treatment within a defined time window, while selected large-vessel strokes can be treated with mechanical thrombectomy based on imaging and clinical criteria.
• Hæmoragisk slagtilfælde: Bleeding within or around the brain can cause sudden headache, weakness, vomiting, seizures or reduced consciousness. Causes include uncontrolled high blood pressure, aneurysm rupture and other blood-vessel abnormalities. Emergency imaging determines whether medical treatment, a catheter-based procedure or surgery is needed.
• Transient ischemic attack: A TIA causes temporary stroke-like symptoms without evidence of acute infarction. Symptoms may resolve quickly, but emergency assessment is still needed because the risk of a subsequent stroke can be highest soon after the event.
• Brain aneurysm and vascular malformation: An aneurysm is a weakened area of an artery, while an arteriovenous malformation is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins. They may be found incidentally or present with headache, seizures or bleeding. Treatment or monitoring depends on the anatomy and estimated risk.
• Cerebral venous thrombosis: A clot in the veins that drain the brain can cause persistent headache, seizures, visual symptoms or neurological weakness. Risk factors include pregnancy, the period after childbirth, infection, inflammatory disease and clotting disorders, although some patients have no clear trigger.

• Migræne: Migraine can cause moderate or severe headache, nausea and sensitivity to light or sound. Some attacks include visual, sensory or speech symptoms known as aura. Treatment may include medicines for individual attacks, preventive therapy and management of contributing factors.
• Spændingshovedpine: This commonly causes pressure or tightness on both sides of the head and is usually mild to moderate. Diagnosis is based on the pattern and examination rather than on a single scan.
• Klyngehovedpine: Cluster headache causes severe pain around one eye in repeated bouts, often with tearing, nasal blockage or restlessness on the same side. Its acute and preventive treatments differ from those used for migraine.
• Hovedpine ved overforbrug af medicin: Frequent use of medicines for headache can make headaches more persistent. Treatment involves reviewing the medicines, reducing the overused drug safely and starting preventive care when appropriate.
• Headache red flags: Urgent assessment is needed for a sudden severe headache, headache with fever and neck stiffness, new weakness or confusion, seizure, visual loss, recent head injury, pregnancy-related concerns or a rapidly changing headache pattern.

• Epilepsi: Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has an enduring tendency to develop seizures. Seizures may involve convulsions, loss of awareness, staring, unusual sensations or brief repetitive movements. The type of seizure and its cause guide treatment.
• Første anfald: A first suspected seizure needs clinical assessment to determine what happened and whether there was a provoking factor. EEG, blood tests and brain imaging may be used, but the investigations are selected according to the circumstances. One seizure does not always mean epilepsy.
• Lægemiddelresistent epilepsi: Epilepsy is considered drug-resistant when adequate trials of two appropriate and tolerated anti-seizure medicine schedules fail to achieve sustained seizure freedom. Specialist evaluation can consider whether surgery, stimulation-based treatment, dietary therapy or another approach may help.
• Status epilepticus: A convulsive seizure lasting five minutes or repeated seizures without recovery is a medical emergency. Prompt treatment reduces the risk of complications.
• Neurocysticercosis: This infection develops when Taenia solium eggs are swallowed through fecal contamination of food, water or hands. Cysts in the nervous system can cause seizures, headache or raised pressure within the skull. Treatment depends on the number, location and stage of the lesions and the symptoms present.

• Parkinsons sygdom: Parkinson's can cause slowness, stiffness, tremor and balance problems, as well as changes in sleep, mood, bowel function or thinking. Medicines, physical activity and therapy are adjusted as symptoms change. Deep brain stimulation may help selected patients, but it does not cure the condition or stop progression.
• Væsentlig tremor: This usually causes shaking during actions such as writing, eating or holding a cup. It differs from Parkinson's disease, although a neurological examination may be needed to distinguish them.
• Dystoni: Dystonia causes involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures or movements. Treatment depends on the body area involved and may include medicines, botulinum toxin injections or surgery in selected cases.

• Perifer neuropati: Damage to peripheral nerves can cause numbness, burning, pain or weakness, often beginning in the feet. Diabetes is a common cause, but vitamin deficiencies, immune conditions, infections, medicines and inherited disorders may also be responsible.
• Guillain-Barré syndrome: This immune-mediated condition often causes weakness that progresses over days, sometimes after an infection. It can affect breathing, swallowing or heart rate and requires urgent hospital assessment.
• Myasthenia gravis: Muscle weakness typically worsens with activity and may affect the eyelids, eye movements, speech, swallowing or breathing. Sudden breathing or swallowing difficulty is an emergency.
• Motor neuron disease and muscular disorders: Progressive weakness can arise from disorders affecting motor neurons, muscles or the nerve-muscle connection. Diagnosis may require imaging, nerve and muscle testing, blood tests or genetic evaluation.
• Nerve compression: Carpal tunnel syndrome and other compression neuropathies can cause pain, tingling, numbness or weakness in a specific nerve distribution. Treatment ranges from activity changes and splinting to injections or surgery.

• Hjernetumorer: Tumors within the skull may be benign, malignant, primary or metastatic. Symptoms depend on their location and can include seizures, persistent or changing headache, weakness, changes in behavior, visual symptoms or problems with balance. Imaging suggests the diagnosis, but tissue testing is often needed to identify the tumor type.
• Hypofysetumorer: Pituitary tumors may cause hormone-related symptoms, visual field loss or headache. Some can be treated with medicine, while others need surgery or radiotherapy depending on the tumor type, size and effect on nearby structures.
• Spinal tumors and metastases: Tumors within or around the spinal canal may cause persistent pain, weakness, numbness or bladder and bowel problems. New neurological symptoms with back pain require urgent assessment because delayed treatment can lead to permanent loss of function.

• Disc prolapse and sciatica: A disc can irritate or compress a nerve root, causing neck or back pain that travels into an arm or leg. Many cases improve without surgery, but progressive weakness or severe persistent symptoms may require surgical assessment.
• Cervical or lumbar spondylosis: Age-related changes in discs and joints can cause pain and stiffness and may narrow the spaces available for nerves or the spinal cord.
• Spinal canal stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal can cause pain, heaviness, numbness or weakness when standing or walking. Treatment depends on symptom severity, neurological findings and imaging.
• Spinal cord or cauda equina compression: Pressure from a disc, tumor, infection, bleeding or fracture can cause progressive weakness, altered sensation or loss of bladder or bowel control. This is a medical emergency and may require urgent surgery.
• Spinal infection: Infection of a vertebra or disc can cause persistent pain, fever, weight loss or neurological weakness. Tuberculosis is one possible cause in India, but bacterial and other infections must also be considered.

• Traumatisk hjerneskade: Head injury ranges from concussion to bleeding or swelling inside the skull. Repeated vomiting, increasing drowsiness, confusion, seizure, weakness, unequal pupils or worsening headache after an injury needs emergency assessment.
• Subdural and extradural hematoma: Blood can collect between the brain and skull after injury. Some bleeds cause rapid deterioration, while chronic subdural hematoma may develop gradually, particularly in older adults or people taking blood-thinning medicines.
• Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can enlarge the spaces within the brain and raise pressure. Symptoms vary with age and cause and may include headache, vomiting, drowsiness, walking difficulty, cognitive change or urinary symptoms.
• Meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess: Infection or inflammation involving the brain or its coverings can cause fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, confusion, seizures or neurological weakness. These conditions require urgent assessment and treatment.
• Multiple sclerosis and autoimmune neurological disease: Immune-mediated conditions can cause episodes of visual loss, weakness, numbness, imbalance, seizures or behavioral change. Diagnosis combines the clinical pattern with imaging, laboratory tests and, in selected cases, cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
• Memory and cognitive disorders: Memory loss can arise from neurodegenerative disease, stroke, sleep problems, depression, medication effects, thyroid disease, vitamin deficiency or other conditions. Assessment looks for potentially treatable contributors as well as longer-term neurological causes.
• Trigeminal neuralgia and facial weakness: Trigeminal neuralgia causes brief, electric-shock-like facial pain, while facial palsy causes weakness on one side of the face. The diagnosis determines whether treatment involves medicine, rehabilitation, a procedure or surgery.
• Vertigo and balance disorders: Dizziness and imbalance may come from the inner ear, brain, circulation, medicines or other causes. Sudden vertigo with weakness, double vision, severe headache or difficulty speaking needs emergency assessment.

Surgery may be used to obtain a diagnosis, remove as much tumor as can be done safely, relieve pressure or stabilize the spine. The approach depends on tumor type, location and the functions at risk. 

Some pituitary tumors respond to medicine. Others may require endoscopic surgery through the nose, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments, with endocrinology and ophthalmology input when needed.

Intensive monitoring and organ support may be required for severe stroke, brain injury, status epilepticus, infection or after major neurosurgery.