I-Biochemistry kukusetyenziswa kwekhemistri kufundo lweenkqubo zebhayoloji kumanqanaba eeselula kunye neemolekyuli. I-Biochemistry ibe sisiseko sokuqonda zonke iinkqubo zebhayoloji. Inika iinkcazo zezizathu zezifo ezininzi kwaye ifumene indawo yayo ekuxilongweni nasekunyangeni umhlaza.

I-oncology yeNtloko kunye neNtamo: I-Ferritin, i-lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), i-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) kunye ne-TPA (i-Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen) ibonakala ibuhlungu.
abamakishi bengqikelelo yomhlaza wentloko kunye nentamo.
I-Oncology yabantwana kunye neHaematology: NA

Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wesibindi lunokwenziwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwesibindi sakho, apho umhlaza wesisu unokusasazeka khona.
Iimpawu ze-Tumor: Iimpawu ze-CEA (i-carcinoembryonic antigen) kunye ne-CA 19-9 (i-antigen yomhlaza) ngamanye amaxesha zikhuliswa kumhlaza wesisu kunye nezinye ii-cancer.
Umhlaza Wesibindi: Uvavanyo lwegazi lwenziwa ukujonga izinto ezingaqhelekanga ekusebenzeni kwesibindi, oku kubandakanya uvavanyo lwe-Alanine transaminase (ALT). I-ALT yi-enzyme efumaneka kwisibindi enceda ukuguqula iiprotheni zibe amandla kwiiseli zesibindi. Xa isibindi sonakalisiwe, i-ALT ikhutshwa kwigazi kwaye amanqanaba ayanda. I-Aspartate transaminase (AST). I-AST yi-enzayim enceda ukugaya ii-amino acids. Njenge-ALT, i-AST ihlala ikhona egazini kumanqanaba aphantsi. Ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-AST kunokubonisa umonakalo wesibindi, izifo okanye umonakalo wemisipha.
I-Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): I-ALP yi-enzyme efumaneka kwisibindi kunye nethambo kwaye ibalulekile ekwaphuleni iiprotheni. Amanqanaba angaphezulu kunesiqhelo e-ALP angabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye izifo, ezifana ne-bile duct evaliweyo okanye izifo ezithile zamathambo.
I-albumin kunye neprotheyini epheleleyo: I-Albumin yenye yeeprotheni ezininzi ezenziwe esibindini. Umzimba wakho ufuna ezi proteni ukuze ulwe nosulelo kunye nokwenza eminye imisebenzi. Amanqanaba angaphantsi kunesiqhelo e-albumin kunye neprotheni epheleleyo ingabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye izifo. Bilirubin. IBilirubin yinto eveliswa ngexesha lokuqhekeka okuqhelekileyo kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi. Ibilirubin idlula esibindini ize ikhutshelwe lindle. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-bilirubin (i-jaundice) angabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye isifo okanye iintlobo ezithile ze-anemia.
I-Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): I-GGT yi-enzyme egazini. Amanqanaba aphezulu kunesiqhelo angabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye i-bile duct.
Iimpawu zeTumor-Serum AFP: I-AFP imele i-alpha-fetoprotein. Yiprotheyini eyenziwe esibindini somntwana osakhulayo. Abantu abadala abasempilweni kufuneka babe namanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu e-AFP. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-AFP anokuba ngumqondiso womhlaza wesibindi kwaye anokunceda ukuxilonga umhlaza xa usetyenziswa kunye nolunye uvavanyo. Uvavanyo lunokusetyenziselwa ukunceda ukujonga ukusebenza konyango lomhlaza kunye nokubona ukuba umhlaza ubuyile na emva kokuba ugqibile unyango.

Uhlalutyo lokuchama: Olu luvavanyo lwaselebhu olulula ukujonga igazi kunye nezinye izinto kwisampulu yomchamo.
I-Urine cytology: Kolu vavanyo, isampuli yomchamo ijongwa nge-microscope ukubona ukuba akukho mhlaza okanye iiseli zangaphambi komhlaza kuwo. I-Cytology nayo yenziwa nakweyiphi na into yokuhlamba isinyi ethathwe ngexesha le-cystoscopy (jonga ngezantsi). I-Cytology inokunceda ekufumaneni ezinye ii-cancer, kodwa ayifezekanga. Ukungafumani umhlaza kolu vavanyo akusoloko kuthetha ukuba awunamhlaza. Inkcubeko yomchamo: Ukuba uneempawu zokuchama, olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa ukubona ukuba usulelo (kunomhlaza) luyimbangela. Usulelo lwe-Urinary tract kunye nomhlaza wesinyi kunokubangela iimpawu ezifanayo. Kwinkcubeko yomchamo, isampulu yomchamo ifakwa esityeni kwilebhu ukuvumela naziphi na iibhaktheriya ezikhoyo ukuba zikhule. Kungathatha ixesha ukuba ibhaktheriya ikhule, ngoko kungathatha iintsuku ezimbalwa ukufumana iziphumo zolu vavanyo.
I-Biochemistry: Uvavanyo lwegazi lusetyenziselwa ngokukodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izintso zakho zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. ISerum yegazi urea nitrogen kunye namanqanaba ecreatinine kufuneka afunyanwe kuzo zonke izigulane ekukrokrelwa kuzo umhlaza wesinyi. Ukuba isifo se-metastatic sikrokreka, inani elipheleleyo legazi kunye nephaneli epheleleyo ye-metabolic, kubandakanywa nenqanaba le-alkaline phosphatase kunye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi, kufanelekile. Izinga lokuhluzwa kweGlomerular (i-eGFR): Ukuncipha okuqikelelwayo kwesantya sokuhluzwa kwe-glomerular (i-eGFR) kwafunyaniswa ukuba inxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko owonyuka kakhulu womhlaza wezintso kunye nomhlaza we-urothelial.

I-Urine cytology: Umhlaza we-Renal cell uya kuba negazi kumchamo wabo. Ukuba isigulane sine-transitional cell carcinoma (kwi-renal pelvis, ureter, okanye isinyi), ngamanye amaxesha uvavanyo olukhethekileyo lwesampulu yomchamo (olubizwa ngokuba yi-cytology yomchamo) luya kubonisa iiseli zomhlaza zokwenene kumchamo. Ubalo lwegazi olupheleleyo (CBC): Olu luvavanyo olulinganisa inani leeseli ezahlukeneyo egazini. Esi siphumo sovavanyo sihlala singaqhelekanga kubantu abanomhlaza wezintso.
Iimvavanyo ze-Biochemistry: Amanqanaba aphezulu e-enzymes yesibindi afunyenwe ngamanye amaxesha. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-calcium egazini anokufunyanwa nto leyo enokukhokelela kwiimvavanyo zokucinga ngakumbi. Uvavanyo lwekhemistri yegazi lukwalinganisa ukusebenza kwezintso, okubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba iimvavanyo ezithile zokucinga okanye ukuba utyando lucetyiwe.

I-Tumor Makers i-antigen ye-antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), i-antigen ye-cancer 27.29 (CA 27.29), kunye ne-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - isetyenziswe ekuncedeni ukujonga umhlaza webele we-metastatic (isifo esiphezulu),

Iimpawu ze-Tumor: I-Carcinoembryonic antigen (i-CEAs) imele iqela elingafaniyo le-glycoproteins, kunye ne-antigenic determinants. I-CEA iveliswa ziiseli zikanobhala zendlela eqhelekileyo yesisu yabantu abadala kwaye ukucocwa kufezwa ngokuyintloko esibindini. Ugxininiso oluphezulu lwe-marker lufumaneka kwizigulane ezine-metastases zesibindi ezivela kwi-carcinoma yekholoni. Uvavanyo lwe-CEA luluncedo kulawulo lweklinikhi yomhlaza wemiphunga.
I-Chromogranin A: yiprotheyini ekhutshwe kwiiseli ze-neuroendocrine eziye zaboniswa kwiserum yezigulana ezinomhlaza wemiphunga. Ihomoni ye-Adrenocorticotropic: i-cell carcinoma encinci ye-lung (SCLC), evela kwizicubu ze-neuroendocrine, inokukhula ibe yi-paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes, njenge-Cushing syndrome, ngenxa yemfihlo engafanelekanga ye-ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
I-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1): amanqanaba aphezulu okujikeleza i-insulin-efana nokukhula kwe-1 (IGF1), i-ligand ephambili ye-IGF1R, yandisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa i-lung malignancy kwixesha elizayo.

I-Neuron specific enolase (NSE): amanqanaba aphezulu e-serum e-NSE aqatshelwe kwizigulane ezine-neuroblastomas kunye ne-gliomas enobungozi, njl.

Iimpawu ze-Tumor - I-Carcino Embryonic Antigen (i-CEA): I-tumor marker eqhelekileyo yomhlaza we-colorectal yi-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Uvavanyo lwegazi kwesi siphawuli sethumba ngamanye amaxesha lunokuthi ngamanye amaxesha lucebise ukuba umntu unokuba nomhlaza wesikhumba, kodwa azinakusetyenziswa yedwa ukuvavanya okanye ukuxilonga umhlaza Amanqanaba aphezulu e-CEA angabonisa ukuba umhlaza unwenwele kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Ukongeza, ezinye iimeko zonyango zinokubangela ukuba i-CEA inyuke. Uvavanyo lwe-CEA ludla ngokusetyenziswa ukujonga umhlaza wesisu kubantu abasele befumana unyango. Ayiloncedo njengovavanyo lokuhlola. Umhlaza wamatyhalarha:Zintathu izinto ezibalulekileyo eziphawula ithumba kumhlaza wamatyhalarha: I-Alpha-fetoprotein: I-AFP yiprotheyini ekhutshwa yingxowa yomntwana ongekazalwa, isibindi kunye nomgudu wesisu kwaye ibonakala ikumazinga aphezulu egazini losana olungekazalwa. I-AFP inokukhutshwa yi-NSGCT equlethe i-embryonal carcinoma, i-yolk sac tumor okanye i-teratoma. Ngokwenkcazo, i-seminoma okanye i-choriocarcinoma ayikhuphi i-AFP. Ke ngoko, nasiphi na isigulana esine-AFP ephakamileyo kufuneka sibe necandelo elingekho seminomatous lomhlaza wamatyhalarha.
I-Gonadotropin ye-Chorionic yomntu (HCG): I-HCG yi-glycoprotein eveliswa yi-placenta ukugcina i-corpus luteum ngexesha lokukhulelwa. I-HCG inokunyuswa kwinani lezinye izifo ezinobungozi, kubandakanywa umhlaza wesibindi, wemiphunga, i-pancreas kunye nesisu. Kwi-germ cell tumors ye-testis, kubandakanywa zombini i-seminomas kunye ne-NSGCT, iiseli ezinomhlaza ziyakwazi ukuguqula zibe yi-syncytiotrophoblasts (inxalenye eqhelekileyo ye-placenta) kwaye ikhuphe iHCG. Amanqanaba angaphezu kwe-5,000 IU ahlala ebonisa i-NSGCT, kwaye kwi-NSGCT, amanqanaba aphezulu eHCG adibaniswa ne-prognosis embi. Nangona kunjalo, iHCG- ivelisa i-seminoma (malunga ne-15 ekhulwini le-seminomas) ine-prognosis efanayo ne-seminoma engavelisi iHCG.
I-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): I-LDH yi-enzyme yeselula efumaneka kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-LDH kwizicubu eziqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwi-muscle (kubandakanya i-skeletal, i-cardiac kunye ne-smooth muscle), isibindi kunye nengqondo. I-LDH ayichanekanga kangako kumhlaza wamatyhalarha kuneHCG okanye i-AFP. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-LDH ahambelana nomthwalo ophezulu we-tumor kwi-seminoma kunye nokuphindaphinda kwi-NSGCT.

Uvavanyo lwe-Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Isampuli yegazi itsalwa kumthambo osengalweni yakho kwaye ihlalutyelwe i-PSA, into eveliswa ngokwemvelo lidlala lakho lesinyi. Inqanaba eliphezulu kuneliqhelekileyo le-PSA lingabonisa usulelo lwe-prostate, ukuvuvukala, ukwanda okanye umhlaza.

Uvavanyo lwegazi: Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lweemvavanyo ze-renal, i-electrolytes kunye neemvavanyo zesibindi ziya kucetyiswa ngugqirha ukuze ancede kunyango, uvavanyo kunye nokulandelela. Umhlaza wolusu: Oogqirha bahlala bevavanya igazi malunga namanqanaba ento ebizwa ngokuba yi-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) phambi konyango. Ukuba i-melanoma isasazeke kwiindawo ezikude zomzimba, inqanaba eliphezulu le-LDH lisetyenziselwa ukubeka kunye nokusebenza konyango.
Umhlaza Wethambo: Abantu abane-osteosarcoma okanye i-Ewing sarcoma banokuba ne-alkaline phosphatase ephezulu kunye namanqanaba e-lactate dehydrogenase egazini. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu awasoloko ethetha umhlaza.