Biochemistry yog kev siv chemistry rau kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem lom neeg ntawm qib cellular thiab molecular. Biochemistry tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev nkag siab tag nrho cov txheej txheem lom neeg. Nws muab kev piav qhia txog qhov ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob thiab tau pom nws qhov chaw hauv kev kuaj mob thiab kho mob qog noj ntshav.

Lub taub hau thiab caj dab oncology: Ferritin, lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) thiab TPA (Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen) zoo nkaus li rhiab heev.
cov cim qhia txog kev mob qog nqaij hlav taub hau thiab caj dab.
Pediatric Oncology & Haematology: NA

Kev kuaj lub siab ua haujlwm yuav ua tau los ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm koj lub siab, uas mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem kis tau.
Cov cim qog nqaij hlav: Cov cim CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) thiab CA 19-9 (mob qog noj ntshav) yog qee zaum tsa hauv plab mob qog noj ntshav nrog rau lwm yam qog noj ntshav.
Mob qog noj ntshav: Kev kuaj ntshav yog ua los kuaj xyuas qhov txawv txav hauv daim siab ua haujlwm, cov no suav nrog kev soj ntsuam ntawm Alanine transaminase (ALT). ALT yog ib qho enzyme pom nyob rau hauv daim siab uas pab hloov cov proteins rau hauv lub zog rau lub siab hlwb. Thaum lub siab puas lawm, ALT raug tso tawm rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab qib nce. Aspartate transaminase (AST). AST yog ib qho enzyme uas pab metabolize amino acids. Zoo li ALT, AST ib txwm muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav qis. Kev nce qib ntawm AST tuaj yeem qhia txog kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab, kab mob lossis cov leeg nqaij puas.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): ALP yog ib qho enzyme uas muaj nyob hauv daim siab thiab pob txha thiab tseem ceeb rau kev rhuav tshem cov protein. Cov qib siab tshaj li qub ntawm ALP tuaj yeem qhia txog kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab lossis kab mob, xws li cov kab mob hauv lub cev los yog qee yam kab mob ntawm pob txha.
Albumin thiab tag nrho cov protein: Albumin yog ib qho ntawm ntau cov proteins ua hauv daim siab. Koj lub cev xav tau cov protein no los tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua lwm yam haujlwm. Cov qib qis dua li qub ntawm albumin thiab tag nrho cov protein yuav qhia tau tias daim siab puas lossis kab mob. Bilirubin. Bilirubin yog ib yam khoom tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Bilirubin dhau los ntawm daim siab thiab tawm hauv cov quav. Kev nce qib ntawm bilirubin (jaundice) tuaj yeem qhia tau tias daim siab puas lossis kab mob lossis qee hom ntshav qab zib.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): GGT yog ib qho enzyme hauv cov ntshav. Cov qib siab tshaj li qub yuav qhia tau tias lub siab lossis cov kab mob ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj.
Tumor Markers - Serum AFP: AFP sawv cev rau alpha-fetoprotein. Nws yog ib qho protein ua nyob rau hauv daim siab ntawm tus me nyuam loj hlob. Cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv yuav tsum muaj qib AFP tsawg heev. Cov qib siab ntawm AFP tuaj yeem ua lub cim qhia ntawm daim siab mob qog noj ntshav thiab tuaj yeem pab kuaj mob qog noj ntshav thaum siv nrog lwm yam kev sim. Qhov kev sim no kuj tseem siv tau los pab saib xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab saib seb puas mob qog noj ntshav tau rov qab los tom qab koj tau kho tiav lawm.

Urinalysis: Qhov no yog ib qho kev sim sim yooj yim los kuaj ntshav thiab lwm yam tshuaj hauv cov zis.
Tso zis cytology: Rau qhov kev sim no, ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov zis yog saib nrog lub tshuab ntsuas kom pom tias muaj qog nqaij hlav lossis mob qog noj ntshav hauv nws. Cytology tseem ua tiav ntawm kev ntxuav lub zais zis thaum lub sij hawm cystoscopy (saib hauv qab). Cytology tuaj yeem pab nrhiav qee cov qog nqaij hlav, tab sis nws tsis zoo tag nrho. Tsis pom mob qog noj ntshav ntawm qhov kev sim no tsis yog ib txwm txhais tau tias koj tsis muaj mob qog noj ntshav. Cov kab mob tso zis: Yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob tso zis, qhov kev sim no tuaj yeem ua kom pom tias muaj kab mob (tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav) yog qhov ua rau. Cov kab mob urinary thiab zais zis tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob zoo ib yam. Rau cov zis kab lis kev cai, ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov zis tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub tais hauv chav kuaj kom tso cai rau cov kab mob uas muaj tshwm sim tuaj. Nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm rau cov kab mob loj tuaj, yog li nws yuav siv sijhawm li ob peb hnub kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim no.
Biochemistry: Kev kuaj ntshav yog siv feem ntau kom paub tseeb tias koj lub raum ua haujlwm zoo li qub. Cov ntshav ntshav urea nitrogen thiab creatinine qib yuav tsum tau txais rau txhua tus neeg mob uas xav tias mob qog noj ntshav. Yog tias xav tias muaj kab mob metastatic, cov ntshav suav tag nrho thiab ua tiav cov txheej txheem metabolic, suav nrog qib alkaline phosphatase thiab kev ntsuas ntawm daim siab ua haujlwm, yog qhov tsim nyog. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): Qhov txo qis kwv yees glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) tau pom tias muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv rau lub raum thiab urothelial cancer.

Urine cytology: Lub raum mob qog noj ntshav yuav muaj ntshav hauv lawv cov zis. Yog tias tus neeg mob muaj cov kab mob hloov pauv hauv lub cev (hauv lub raum pelvis, ureter, lossis zais zis), qee zaum kuaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov zis (hu ua urine cytology) yuav qhia cov qog nqaij hlav hauv cov zis. Ua kom tiav cov ntshav suav (CBC): Qhov no yog ib qho kev ntsuas uas ntsuas tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlwb sib txawv hauv cov ntshav. Qhov kev sim no feem ntau txawv txav hauv cov neeg mob raum mob cancer.
Kev kuaj Biochemistry: Cov qib siab ntawm daim siab enzymes qee zaum pom. Cov ntshav calcium ntau yuav raug pom uas yuav ua rau muaj kev kuaj pom ntau dua. Kev kuaj ntshav chemistry kuj ntsuas lub raum ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog tias qee qhov kev kuaj pom lossis yog tias npaj phais.

Tumor Makers cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), mob qog noj ntshav antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29), thiab carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - tau siv los pab saib xyuas mob qog noj ntshav mis metastatic (mob siab),

Cov cim qog nqaij hlav: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEAs) sawv cev rau pawg glycoproteins heterogeneous, nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. CEA yog tsim los ntawm secretary hlwb ntawm ib txwm neeg laus plab hnyuv ib ntsuj av thiab clearance yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub siab. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov cim tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj daim siab metastases los ntawm carcinoma ntawm txoj hnyuv. Kev soj ntsuam CEA muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tswj xyuas mob ntsws cancer.
Chromogranin A: yog cov protein tso tawm los ntawm cov hlwb neuroendocrine uas tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob ntsws cancer. Adrenocorticotropic hormone: me me cell carcinoma ntawm lub ntsws (SCLC), uas yog los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg neuroendocrine, tuaj yeem tsim mus rau hauv cov kab mob endocrine paraneoplastic, xws li Cushing syndrome, vim yog qhov tsis tsim nyog tso tawm ntawm ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Insulin-zoo li kev loj hlob zoo li qub 1 (IGF1): cov qib siab ntawm cov tshuaj insulin zoo li kev loj hlob 1 (IGF1), lub ntsiab ligand rau IGF1R, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob ntsws cancer yav tom ntej.

Neuron tshwj xeeb enolase (NSE): cov ntshav siab ntawm NSE tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob neuroblastomas thiab malignant gliomas, thiab lwm yam.

Cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav - Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA): Cov qog qog ntau tshaj plaws rau mob qog noj ntshav yog carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Kev kuaj ntshav rau cov qog qog no qee zaum qhia tau tias ib tus neeg yuav muaj mob qog noj ntshav, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem siv ib leeg los kuaj lossis kuaj mob qog noj ntshav siab CEA yuav qhia tau tias mob qog noj ntshav tau kis mus rau lwm qhov hauv lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm yam kev mob nkeeg tuaj yeem ua rau CEA nce ntxiv. Kev kuaj CEA feem ntau yog siv los saib xyuas mob qog noj ntshav rau cov neeg uas twb tau txais kev kho mob lawm. Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Testicular Cancer: Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav: Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP yog cov protein uas tso tawm los ntawm fetal yolk sac, daim siab thiab plab hnyuv thiab tshwm nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm fetus. AFP tuaj yeem zais los ntawm NSGCT uas muaj embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac qog lossis teratoma. Los ntawm kev txhais, seminoma lossis choriocarcinoma tsis zais AFP. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg mob uas muaj qhov siab AFP yuav tsum muaj cov khoom tsis yog seminomatous ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer.
Tib neeg Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): HCG yog glycoprotein uas tsim los ntawm cov placenta los tuav lub corpus luteum thaum cev xeeb tub. HCG tuaj yeem nce siab hauv ntau lwm yam tsis zoo, nrog rau cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm lub siab, ntsws, txiav thiab plab. Hauv cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, suav nrog ob qho tib si seminomas thiab NSGCT, cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv syncytiotrophoblasts (ib feem ntawm cov placenta) thiab zais HCG. Cov qib siab dua 5,000 IU feem ntau yog qhia txog NSGCT, thiab hauv NSGCT, qib siab ntawm HCG yog txuam nrog kev mob hnyav dua. Txawm li cas los xij, HCG- tsim seminoma (kwv yees li 15 feem pua ​​​​ntawm seminomas) muaj tib yam kev mob tshwm sim xws li seminoma uas tsis tsim HCG.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): LDH yog ib lub cellular enzyme pom nyob rau hauv txhua cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm LDH nyob rau hauv ib txwm cov ntaub so ntswg muaj nyob rau hauv cov leeg nqaij (xws li pob txha, plawv thiab du nqaij), daim siab thiab lub hlwb. LDH tsis tshua tshwj xeeb rau qog nqaij hlav cancer dua li HCG lossis AFP. Txawm li cas los xij, nce qib LDH muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov qog nqaij hlav loj hauv seminoma thiab rov tshwm sim hauv NSGCT.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: Cov ntshav kuaj tau los ntawm cov hlab ntsha hauv koj txhais caj npab thiab tshuaj xyuas rau PSA, ib yam khoom uas tsim los ntawm koj lub caj pas prostate. PSA siab dua li ib txwm muaj yuav qhia tau tias muaj kab mob prostate, o, o, lossis mob qog noj ntshav.

Kev kuaj ntshav: Kev ntsuam xyuas niaj hnub ntawm kev kuaj lub raum ua haujlwm, kuaj electrolytes thiab daim siab ua haujlwm ntawm lub siab yuav raug qhia los ntawm tus kws kho mob kom pab kho, ntsuas thiab ua raws. Mob Cancer: Cov kws kho mob feem ntau kuaj ntshav rau qib ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ua ntej kho. Yog tias tus melanoma tau kis mus rau qhov chaw nyob deb ntawm lub cev, qib LDH siab yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev kho kom zoo.
Pob txha Cancer: Cov neeg uas muaj osteosarcoma los yog Ewing sarcoma tej zaum yuav muaj ntau dua alkaline phosphatase thiab lactate dehydrogenase qib hauv cov ntshav. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qib siab tsis yog ib txwm txhais tau tias mob qog noj ntshav.