Ihe omumu

Pathology bụ otu n'ime ngalaba dị n'okpuru ọrụ ụlọ nyocha nke bụ isi ihe na-achọpụta nchoputa, na-ebu amụma ihe omume ụlọ ọgwụ nwere ike wee bụrụ isi nkuku maka njikwa.
 Nlere anya nke ụlọ nyocha pathology nwetara na-edozi anụ ahụ sochiri nkwadebe site na usoro na-enyere anyị aka inyocha anụ ahụ n'okpuru microscope. Anụ ahụ edoziziri nke ọma na edoziri ya na-enye ohere ịchekwa anụ ahụ nke ọma na iji anụ ahụ maka nyocha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Immuno histochemistry na ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ.  Isi ụdị ụdị ụdị nke ụlọ nyocha pathology natara gụnyere nnukwu ụdị akụkụ ahụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya dum, nke a na-ewepụ n'oge ịwa ahụ. Iberibe anụ ahụ karịa akụkụ ahụ dum ka ewepụrụ dị ka biopsies dị ka excision biopsies - anụ ahụ na-eji a scalpel wepụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ akpụkpọ anụ maka ahumachi a na-enyo enyo), a na-etinye isi biopsy- agịga n'ime ihe na-enyo enyo iji wepụ isi anụ ahụ nke na-ewepụ ya. enwere ike nyochaa ya n'okpuru microscope (dịka ọmụmaatụ iji nyochaa ọkpụkpụ ara) na ọbụna nyocha ụmị ọkpụkpụ maka nhazi/nchọpụta nchọpụta.  Maka nchoputa ozugbo na ọnọdụ oke n'oge usoro ịwa ahụ (nyocha intraoperative) a na-eme akụkụ oyi kpọnwụrụ. Nke a na-enye onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ ohere ikpebi oke ịwa ahụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ n'onwe ya.

Immuno histochemistry bụ usoro ụlọ nyocha eji achọpụta kpọmkwem antigens (protein) n'ime anụ ahụ maka sel dabere na nnabata antigen-antibody. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-eji IHC chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na etuto ahụ adịghị njọ ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma, iji chọpụta ọkwa ya na ọkwa ya, na ịchọpụta ụdị cell na mmalite nke metastasis iji chọta saịtị nke isi etuto ahụ. Anyị na-eme Immuno histochemistry na-eji ikpo okwu akpaaka zuru oke maka nyocha, ihe nrịbama dị iche iche na amụma amụma na ọrịa kansa. Anyị nwere ogwe emere maka carcinomas, sarcomas na lymphomas. Ogwe nnabata nke homonụ anyị dị ka ihe nrịbama lymphoma Panel CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD15, CD20, CD21, CD23, CD30, CD43, CD56, CD68, CD79a, CD138, LCA, LMP, BCL2, BCL6, MUM-1, Ọkt-2, BOB -1, CYCLIND1, CD138, KAPPA, LAMBDA, c-Myc, ALK na ndị na-abụghị Lymphoma Panel akara ALKD5F3, CD31, CD34, CD99, CK, CK (HMW), CK7, CK20, CK5/6, CK8/18, EMA, GATA-3, Glypican - 3, GCDFP-15, SMA, MSA, PSA, PSAP,PLAP, VIMENTIN, DESMIN, HMB45, HER2NEU, CA125,CALDESMON, ,INHIBIN ALPHA,CALRETININ, BEREP4, TTF, GCDFP15, CKIT, CEA(Monoclonal), CEA (polyclonal), SYNAPTOPHYSIN, CALDESMON, CALDESMON THYROGLOBULIN, MART100, MYOD1, CK1, CDX19, BETACATENIN, CD2a, AMACAR, ANNEXIN, ARGI NASE, CD1, HHV56, IgG8, IgG, EMA, PAX-4, PD-8, RCC, S1, SAT-100, , SOX-2, GFAP, IDH-10, ATRX, NF, OLIG-11, P1, P2, KI53, EBER -ISH, MLH- 63, MSH-67, PMS-1, MSH-2, BRAF, D2, CKIT, DOG-6, E-cadherin, GRANZYME- B, HEP-240, IgG, IgG1, INI-1, RCC, SALL4, STAT-1,WT-4, FLI. Anyị na-emekwa nnukwu oghere neuro-oncology immunohistochemistry maka etuto sistem ụjọ etiti. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ nyocha anyị na-ejikwa ule dị ka hybridization situ maka nje Epstein-Barr, Microsatellite Insability Panel, BRAF test, PD-L6 test (SP1 na SP1) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi njikwa onye ọrịa site na immunotherapy ezubere iche.

Na-emekarị na ultrasound eduzi ezi agịga aspiration usoro: Mmiri mmiri na nnọọ obere iberibe anụ ahụ (onye n'otu n'otu cell kama otu nke mkpụrụ ndụ, eg n'ime mmiri mmiri si gburugburu ngụgụ) nwere ike nweta a ezi agịga ọchịchọ. A na-eme nke a site na iji agịga dị gịrịgịrị karịa nke ejiri ya na biopsy isi, mana jiri usoro yiri ya. Ụdị ihe a na-abụkarị mmiri mmiri karịa ihe siri ike, a na-edekwa ya maka cytology karịa histology. Cytology gụnyere nkwadebe nke slide na ịkọ akụkọ gynecological (Pap smears) na ihe nlele na-abụghị nke gynecological (mmiri ahụ na mmiri cerebrospinal). Anyị na-eme cytology dabere na Liquid site na iji usoro nwere obere akpaaka iji mepụta otu mgbasa nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke na-enyere anyị aka ịnye nsonaazụ na-eju afọ nke ukwuu. Anyị na-ejikwa sel blocks dị ka ihe na-ejikọ aka na smear cytological a na-emebu maka nyocha mmiri. Enwere ike ijikwa ihe mgbochi sel ndị a maka immunohistochemistry na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Ngalaba na-elekwasị anya na ọbara na ọrịa kansa ọbara na-akpata ihe dịka 10% nke ọrịa cancer niile. Ọ na-esite na ụmị ọkpụkpụ nke bụ isi ihe na-emepụta ọbara ma na-emetụta mmepụta na ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara. Ọbara nwere ụdị sel atọ: mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na platelet. N'ihe banyere ọrịa kansa, usoro mmepụta ọbara na-akwụsị n'ihi uto nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara na-adịghị mma. Ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere:  Leukemia: Nke a na-ebute ngwa ngwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara na-adịghị mma n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ nke na-emetụta ikike ụmị ọkpụkpụ ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na platelet.  Lymphoma: Nke a bụ ụdị ọrịa kansa ọbara nke na-emetụta sistemu lymphatic nke na-ahụ maka ịmịpụta lymphocytes (ụdị ọbara ọcha nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ) na iwepụ mmịnye ngafe n'ahụ. Ọganihu na-enweghị nchịkwa nke lymphocytes ndị a na-adịghị mma na-akpata lymphoma nke na-agbasa na akụkụ lymph na anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.  Myeloma: Ọ bụ ụdị ọrịa kansa ọbara na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ plasma (mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na-ahụ maka imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'ime ahụ), na-ebute usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-esighi ike.

Haemato oncology nwere steeti nka nke igwe Flow Cytometry nke na-achọ ụfọdụ ihe (akara akara/ọgwụ mgbochi) na ma ọ bụ n'ime sel ndị na-enyere aka ịmata ụdị sel ha bụ. Enwere ike iji ule a chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na lymphocytes n'ime nlele ọbara nwere mkpụrụ ndụ CLL. N'otu aka ahụ, a pụrụ iji cytometry na-asọpụta iji chọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọcha na-adịghị mma nke a na-akpọ mgbawa ma n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ ọbara dị n'akụkụ. Mgbawa ndị a mgbe ahụrụ n'ọnụọgụ dị ukwuu n'ọbara mpụta ma ọ bụ ụmị ọkpụkpụ ka a na-akpọ nnukwu leukemia. Flow Cytometry na-enyekwa aka ịmata ụdị ọrịa leukemia dị iche iche. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, enwere ike iji cytometry eruba iji chọpụta ma mgbawa ka dị ma ọ bụ kpochapụ kpamkpam site na chemotherapy. A na-akpọ nke a nchọpụta obere ọrịa fọdụrụnụ ma ọ bụ MRD. Flow Cytometry nwere ike ịchọpụta Lymphoma Classical Hodgkin na Lymph Nodes nwere mmetụta dị elu na nkọwa ya na lymphomas ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Hodgkin ebe enwere ike ime nyocha nyocha iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. A na-eji Flow Cytometry mee ihe maka Immuno phenotyping nke ụdị ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ọbara zuru oke, ụmị ọkpụkpụ, mmiri nke oghere dị nro, mmiri ụbụrụ cerebrospinal, mmamịrị, na anụ ahụ siri ike. Na Flow Cytometry, a na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi pụrụ iche na-agwọ ihe nlele nke mkpụrụ ndụ sitere na biopsy, cytology specimen, ma ọ bụ ụdị ọbara. Ihe mgbochi ọ bụla na-arapara naanị n'ụdị sel ụfọdụ nwere antigens dabara na ya. Na-emekarị, ihe niile ọ na-ewe iji chọpụta otu ụdị cell bụ ịmepụta ihe mgbochi monoclonal iji mata cell ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ejikọta ihe na-acha fluorescent na mgbochi ahụ, na cytometry na-asọpụta nwere ike ịhụ mkpụrụ ndụ niile nke mgbochi ahụ lekwasịrị anya. A na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ n'ihu ọkụ laser iji mepụta atụmatụ data bara uru maka onye ọkà mmụta cytometry nwere nkà ịkọwa. Nnukwu ihe nrịbama ọrịa leukemia - B-Lymphoid Markers & Acute Myeloid Leukemia Panel B-Lymphoid Markers gụnyere CD10, CD19, CD20, CD22, Nuclear TDT T- Lymphoid na NK Markers CD1a, CD 2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD56 Ihe nrịbama Myeloid CD13, CD15, CD16, CD33, CD117 Monocytic Markers CD4, CD11b, CD14, CD64 Cytoplasmic Markers – MPO, CD79a na CD3 Ihe nrịbama na-abụghị nke CD34, HLADR, CD45, Myeloma Panel Cyto Kappa, cyto Lambda, CD56, CD10, CD38, CD138, CD19 & CD28, Ọkpụkpụ B Lymph Proliferative Disorder Panel Kappa, Lambda, CD20, CD45, CD38c, CD10, CD11, CD19, CD5, CD20, CD103, IgM, CD180, CD200, CD43, CD21, CD3, CD16, CD56, CD7, TCR g/d , FMC8, CD4 & CD7, CD23+ cell cell enumeration CD45, Iso clonic njikwa, Viability dye, stem count beads.