Umzimba womntu wenziwe ngeetriliyoni zeeseli ezinoxanduva lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo kunye nokukhula. Ukwahlukana kweeseli yinkqubo apho iiseli zomntu zikhula kwaye ziphindaphindeke zenze iiseli ezintsha. Xa ezi seli zikhula okanye zonakele, ziyafa zize zithatyathelw’ indawo ziiseli ezintsha. Ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa yokuguquka (utshintsho kwi-genetic make-up), le nkqubo yocwangco iphazamiseka, kwaye iiseli ezingaqhelekanga okanye ezonakalisiweyo zikhula kwaye zande ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukhokelela ekwakhekeni kwethumba. Ezi thumba zinokubumba naphi na emzimbeni kwaye zinokuba nobungozi okanye ziyingozi.
Umhlaza uqala ngesiphene sofuzo. Imizila yemfuza ingaphakathi kwezakhi zeeseli ezibizwa ngokuba ziichromosomes. Zingatshintsha (ziguqule) ukuba inkqubo yolawulo yeseli iyasilela. Isiphoso esinye sofuzo asiqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba sibangele umhlaza. Endaweni yoko, umhlaza ukhula xa utshintsho lwenzeka kwimizila yemfuza edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokwahluka.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zemfuza yomhlaza: I-Oncogenes (imizila evelisa umhlaza) - Ezi, xa zisebenza, zibangela ukusabalalisa okungalawulekiyo kwezicubu zeeseli.
- I-Mutated Tumor suppressor genes (i-mutated anti-cancer genes) - Ezi zibangela umhlaza ngenxa yokupheliswa komsebenzi wabo we-Tumor suppression.Umonakalo kwizinto zofuzo zenzeka ngokuqhubekayo kwiiseli ezininzi, kodwa umzimba womntu uqulethe inkqubo yokukhusela ephuhliswe ixesha elide. inokulungisa umonakalo. Xa le nkqubo iqhekeka, iiseli ezonakeleyo zinokuqala ukwahlukana ngokungalawulekiyo, ekugqibeleni zikhokelela kumhlaza.
Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa "ikhemo," iChemotherapy ihlala isetyenziselwa ukuchaza amachiza abulala ngokuthe ngqo iiseli zomhlaza.
Unyango ngamachiza lungqale ngqo kumhlaza kwaye lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza.
- Ukunciphisa amathumba phambi kotyando okanye unyango lweradiation.
- Ukuphelisa iimpawu (ezifana neentlungu)
- Ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza we-microscopic ezinokuthi zibekho emva kokuba ithumba elaziwayo lisusiwe ngotyando ukunqanda ukuvela kwakhona komhlaza.
- Ukulawula ukukhula kwethumba xa unyango lungenakwenzeka.
Njengamachiza amaninzi, amachiza echemotherapy aneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Ezi ziziphumo ezingathandekiyo ezisisiphumo esithe ngqo sokuthatha iziyobisi ze-chemotherapeutic.
Amachiza eChemotherapeutic anokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide. Awona malungu omzimba adla ngokuchaphazeleka ngumlomo, ulusu, amathumbu, iinwele kunye nomongo wamathambo.
Nangona uninzi lwamachiza achasene nomhlaza luneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ayinguye wonke umntu oza kuzifumana. Ukwenzeka kwemiphumo emibi kunye nobunzima babo buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ezinye zezi zinto lixesha lekhosi yonyango, impilo jikelele yesigulane, umthamo wechiza kunye namanye amachiza anokuthi anikwe ngokudibeneyo.
Ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezijongwayo zezi:
- Ukukhathala
- Ukulahleka kweenwele
- Ukugruzuka lula nokopha
- Sulelo
- I-anemia (ubalo olusezantsi lweseli ebomvu yegazi)
- Isihlunu kunye nokuhlanza
- Ukutshintsha ukutya
- Ukuqunjelwa/ Urhudo
- Izilonda / izilonda kumqolo womlomo kunye neentlungu zomqala ngelixa uginya
- Iingxaki zemithambo-luvo nezihlunu ezifana nokuba ndindisholo, ukuntlitheka, neentlungu
- Ulusu kunye nezikhonkwane utshintsho olufana nolusu olomileyo kunye nokutshintsha kombala
- Ukuhla ukusinda
- Umoya utshintsha
- Utshintsho kwi-libido kunye nomsebenzi wesondo
- Iingxaki zokuchuma
Iziyobisi ze-Chemotherapy ngamayeza anamandla kwaye, ngelishwa, ziphinda zihlasele ezinye iiseli ezikhulayo eziqhelekileyo emzimbeni wakho - kubandakanywa nezo zisezinyangeni zakho.
Amanye amachiza e-chemotherapy anokwenzeka ngakumbi kunabanye ukuba abangele ukulahleka kweenwele, ukusuka ekunciphiseni nje ukuya kwinkqayi epheleleyo. I-Chemotherapy inokubangela ukulahleka kweenwele kuwo wonke umzimba wakho - kungekhona nje kwi-scalp yakho. Ngamanye amaxesha i-eyelash yakho, ishiya, i-armpit, i-pubic kunye nezinye iinwele zomzimba nazo ziyawa.
Ngethamsanqa, ixesha elininzi, ukulahleka kweenwele kwiChemotherapy kokwexeshana. Unokulindela ukuzikhulisa kwakhona iinwele zakho kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu emva kokuba unyango lwakho luphelile, nangona iinwele zakho zinokuthi okwethutyana zibe ngumthunzi owahlukileyo okanye ukuthungwa.
Eyona njongo iphambili kukuzama ukugcina ubunzima bakho bungatshintshi. Nangona ungaziva usempilweni okanye ungakuthandi ukutya, ingqalelo efanelekileyo kwisondlo inokukunceda ukuba uchache lula.
Ukunciphisa utshintsho lobunzima kunye nokugcina amanqanaba amandla, kufuneka uzame ukutya iintlobo ngeentlobo zeekhalori eziphezulu kunye nokutya okuneprotheyini ephezulu, njengoku:
- Ubisi, ukhilimu, kunye netshizi
- Amaqanda aphekiweyo
- Inyama ebhityileyo njengenkukhu nentlanzi
- Ibhotolo, ighee kunye neoli
- Amantongomane kunye neziqhamo ezomileyo ezifana neeAlmonds, ipistachios, amakhiwane, njl.
Unyango ngemitha (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiradiotherapy) lunyango lomhlaza olusebenzisa iidosi eziphezulu zeRadiation ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza kunye nokuncipha kwamathumba. Unyango ngemitha aluzibulali iiseli zomhlaza ngoko nangoko. Kuthatha iintsuku okanye iiveki zonyango ngaphambi kokuba i-DNA yonakaliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zife. Emva koko, iiseli zomhlaza zihlala zisifa kangangeeveki okanye iinyanga emva kokuba unyango lwemitha luphelile.
Unyango lweRadiation luhlelwa njengeBeam yangaphandle kunye neBeam yangaphakathi.
Unyango lwemitha yangaphandle ijolise ekunikeni iRadiation ephuma ngaphandle komzimba kwithumba lomhlaza.
Unyango lwemitha yangaphakathi luhlobo lweradiotherapy apho umthombo weRadiation ubekwe kufutshane okanye ngaphakathi kwethumba okwethutyana ukuhambisa idosi ephezulu yemitha ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.
Idosi enye yeRadiation ibizwa ngokuba liqhezu. Uninzi lonyango lwemitha lufuna amaqhezu amaninzi. Isicwangciso esiqhelekileyo sonyango lwemitha sineeqhezu ezintlanu ngeveki kwiiveki ezine ukuya kwezintandathu.
I-Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Ukunyangwa kwe-radiation ye-tumor esetyenziswe kwiqhezu elilodwa okanye i-2-3 amaqhezu kunye nomthamo ophezulu weRadiation.
I-Benign brain tumors efana ne-arteriovenous malformations (AVM), i-Acoustic schwannomas, i-meningiomas, kunye ne-pituitary adenomas zinokunyangwa kakuhle kakhulu nge-SRS ngaphandle kotyando. Imetastasis yobuchopho inokunyangwa ngempumelelo nge-SRS.
I-SRS yerediyo esebenzayo: Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwe-Trigeminal neuralgia kunye nesithuthwane esinganyangekiyo. Isalathiso esitsha kunyango lwe-ventricular tachycardia, engaphenduliyo kumayeza.
Unyango lweRadiation oluKhokelwa ngumfanekiso (IGRT): Unyango lwemitha olusebenzisa i-x-reyi yexesha lokwenyani kunye ne-CT imaging ukuhambisa ngokuchanekileyo amandla aphezulu agxile kwiRadiation kwithumba.
Unyango lweRadiation oluLungelelekileyo oluneMithantathu (3D-CRT):
Iseti yemifanekiso ye-CT isetyenziselwa ukuchonga zombini ithumba kunye nezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zeethishu ekufuneka ziphetshwe. Ke, imiqadi yemitha yeemilo ezahlukeneyo yenzelwe ukungena kwisigulana ukusuka kwii-engile ezininzi kunye ne-tumor ngelixa uthintela izicubu ezisempilweni ezikufutshane.
UNyango lweRadiation olwenziwa ngamandla (IMRT):
Bubuchule obuchaneke kakhulu beradiotherapy kwaye bunokubangela ukonga okungcono kwezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo kune-3D Conformal radiotherapy. Kuyenzeka ukuba utshintshe iidosi ngaphakathi kwethumba kobu buchwephesha, ukwandisa ukusasazeka kwemitha kwithumba kunye nokwandisa imitha kwithishu eqhelekileyo ejikelezileyo.
Rapid Arc: Yeyona ndlela iphambili ye-IMRT. Unikezelo lonyango lukhawuleza kwaye lunikezela ngedosi ehambelanayo neradiotherapy, kwaye yehlisa imitha yemitha yethishu eqhelekileyo.
Unyango lweRadiation Body Stereotactic (SBRT): Yenye yeendlela eziphambili kakhulu zeradiotherapy. Iidosi eziphezulu ze-radiotherapy zinokuhanjiswa ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu (iintsuku ezi-3-5). Isetyenziswa kakhulu kumhlaza wedlala lobudoda, umhlaza wemiphunga, i-pancreas kunye nomhlaza wokuqala we-hepatocellular njengendlela yonyango. Isenokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwimiphunga kunye nemetastasis yesibindi njengomlinganiselo wokudambisa.
Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zixhomekeke kwindawo yomzimba ofumene unyango lweRadiation, njengale:
- Intloko kunye nommandla weNtamo - ukoma emlonyeni (xerostomia)
- Isisu - ukuphazamiseka kwesisu
- I-Pelvis – intshukumo yamathumbu/ isinyi etshintshileyo
Unyango ngemitha kunye neKhemotherapy ayinakuthelekiswa. Indlela nganye yonyango ineenzuzo zayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kuxilongo kunye nenqanaba lesi sifo, unyango lweradiation kunye neChemotherapy zihlala ziyancedisana.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ngelixa ezi mpawu kunye neempawu zinokuba zizalathi, azithethi ukuba unomhlaza:
- Ukukhohlela okuzingileyo okanye amathe anegazi
- Utshintsho kwimikhwa yamathumbu
- Igazi kwindle
- I-anemia engachazwanga
- Iqhuma lebele okanye ukukhutshwa kwebele
- Amaqhuma kumasende
- Igazi kumchamo (hematuria)
- Ukurhabaxa/ ukutshintsha kwelizwi
- Amaqhuma aqhubekayo okanye amadlala adumbileyo
- Utshintsho olucacileyo kwiintsumpa okanye iimoles
- Ukungatyibiliki okanye ubunzima bokuginya
- Ukopha okungaqhelekanga okanye ukuphuma kwamanzi kwilungu lobufazi
- Ukulahleka kwesisindo esingachazwanga
- Ukubila ebusuku okanye umkhuhlane
- Ukurhawuzelelwa okuqhubekayo kwindawo ezimpundu okanye zangasese
- Izilonda ezingapholiyo/izilonda
- Intloko
I<em>PET CT okanye i<em>PET scan, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo yaziwa, luvavanyo oluvumela ugqirha ukuba ahlole izifo. Esi sixhobo sokuskena sisebenzisa iitracer zeradioactive eziqokelelana kwiindawo zomzimba apho kukho ukwanda komsebenzi wekhemikhali, nto leyo eluphawu lweentlobo ezithile zeeseli kunye nezicubu emzimbeni. Inokulinganisa ukuhamba kwegazi, isixa seoksijini kunye neswekile esetyenziswayo, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonisa ukukhula komhlaza.
Iiseli zomhlaza zinezinga eliphezulu lemetabolism kuneeseli ezingenayo umhlaza. Ngenxa yolu mgangatho uphakamileyo wemichiza, iiseli zomhlaza zibonakala njengamabala aqaqambileyo kwi-PET scans. I-PET scans ziluncedo kuzo zombini:
- Ukufumanisa uMhlaza
- Ukujonga ukusasazeka koMhlaza (Metastasis)
- Ukujonga impendulo kunyango
- Ukujonga ukuphindaphinda
Nangona kunjalo, ezi scan kufuneka zitolikwe ngononophelo ngugqirha wakho, njengoko kunokwenzeka ukuba iimeko ezingenazo umhlaza zikhangeleke njengomhlaza kwiskeni.
Ngamafutshane, iMammogram yiX-reyi yebele. Sesona sixhobo sokuhlola umhlaza webele kwangoko ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emi-3 phambi kokuba uve.
Idayi ekhethekileyo itofwa ngemithambo kwaye kuthathwa i-mammogram. Oku kunceda ekuxilongeni umhlaza wamabele kunye nokujonga inani lezilonda kwibele elinye okanye omabini.
I-Pap smear, ekwaziwa ngokuba sisibeleko somlomo wesibeleko, yindlela esetyenziswayo ukuhlola umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko. I-Pap smear isenokunceda ekufumaneni ezinye iimeko, ezifana nosulelo okanye ukudumba.
Umhlaza sisifo sofuzo, kodwa akunyanzelekanga ukuba ufuzwe. Zonke ii-cancer zisisiphumo sokuguqulwa kwemfuza enye okanye ngaphezulu (DNA). Isifo sofuzo sisuka kubazali sisiwe emntwaneni ngelifa lemfuza enesiphene. Kunqabile kakhulu, umhlaza unokuba lufuzo.
Iqonga yindlela yokuchaza ubungakanani kunye nokusasazeka komhlaza emzimbeni. Xa ugqirha eqala ukwenza uxilongo, baya kuqhuba uthotho lweemvavanyo zokumisela inqanaba lomhlaza, bajonge ukusasazeka kwamanye amalungu omzimba kwaye, ukuba sele benalo, ukuba usasazeke kangakanani. Oku kunceda ekucwangciseni unyango olufanelekileyo kwisigulane.
I-FNAC imele i-Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). Ludidi lwenkqubo ye-biopsy eyindlela elula nekhawulezayo esetyenziswayo ukufumanisa ukuba iqhuma okanye ukudumba kwiindawo ezingaphandle komzimba ngumhlaza. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa njengenkqubo yezigulane ezingalaliswanga.
Hayi. Umhlaza awusuleli. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifo zidla ngokubangela umhlaza. Enyanisweni, usulelo oluthile lungoyena nobangela uphambili womhlaza (Umzekelo. Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ubangelwa yiHPV okanye usulelo lweHuman Papillomavirus). Ugutyulo olungcono, ugonyo, kunye namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane anceda ekunciphiseni kakhulu umhlaza obangelwa lusulelo.
Ewe eminye imihlaza efana nomhlaza womlomo, webele, womlomo wesibeleko, wedlala lobudoda, owentloko nentamo kunye nomhlaza wesibeleko unokufunyaniswa kwangoko ngeenkqubo zokuhlola. Ukufunyaniswa kwangoko kubalulekile kuba xa izicubu ezingaqhelekanga okanye umhlaza ufunyenwe kwangoko, kuba lula ukunyanga. Ngexesha lokuvela kweempawu, umhlaza unokuba sele unwenwele kwamanye amalungu kwaye unokufuna unyango olunzima ngakumbi.
Ukopha okuphuma embotsheni akuthethi ukuba unomhlaza - le yingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo. Ngelixa igazi elisemathunjini liyenye yeempawu zomhlaza wamathumbu, zininzi ezinye iimeko ezinokuba ngunobangela wokopha.
Omabini amadoda kunye nabasetyhini basesichengeni kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaza, kodwa isini ngasinye sisengozini ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile zomhlaza kunesinye. Uluhlu olungezantsi zezona zomhlaza zixhaphakileyo emadodeni, ngokwezibalo zomhlaza zesizwe (ref: cancerindia.org.in)
- ngomlomo
- Lung
- Isisu
- Eyona ndawo
- Ummizo
Omabini amadoda kunye nabasetyhini basesichengeni kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaza. Sekunjalo, isini ngasinye sisengozini ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile zomhlaza kunesinye. Uluhlu olungezantsi zezona zomhlaza zixhaphakileyo kwabasetyhini, ngokwezibalo zomhlaza zesizwe (ref: cancerindia.org.in)
- Umhlaza webele
- Ngomhlaza wesibeleko
- Umhlaza wemiphunga
- Umhlaza wesisu
- Canal Cancer
Ngokulula, i-metastasis ithetha ukusasazeka komhlaza kwamanye amalungu omzimba ukusuka kwindawo yawo. Oku kusasazeka kunokwenzeka ngegazi okanye inkqubo ye-lymphatic.
Ewe. Umhlaza oye wanwenwela kwezinye iingingqi uyafana nowokuqala umhlaza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umhlaza wamabele unwenwela esibindini, ubizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza webele we-metastatic, hayi umhlaza wesibindi.
Ukhetho lonyango lomhlaza lubandakanya:
- Ukuhlinzwa: Injongo yotyando kukususa umhlaza okanye ithumba elininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
- Unyango ngamayeza: I-Chemotherapy isebenzisa amayeza ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza.
- Unyango lwechiza ekujoliswe kulo: Unyango lwechiza ekujoliswe kulo lusebenzisa amachiza ukujolisa utshintsho kwimolekyuli kwiiseli zomhlaza.
- I-Immunotherapy: I-Immunotherapy lunyango lweziyobisi olusebenzisa amajoni omzimba ukulwa nomhlaza.
- Unyango ngemitha: Unyango ngemitha lusebenzisa imiqadi yamandla anamandla amakhulu, anje ngeX-reyi okanye iiprotons ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza. Unyango lwemitha lunokuvela kumatshini ongaphandle komzimba wakho (imitha yemitha yangaphandle), okanye inokufakwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho (ibrachytherapy).
- Utyando lwegazi kunye nomongo (BMT): Ukutshintshwa kwegazi kunye nomongo, okwaziwa ngokuba yi-stem cell transplant, kusebenzisa iiseli eziphilileyo ezisuka kumathambo akho okanye kumnikeli ophilileyo ukuze athathe indawo yeeseli zegazi ezonakalisiweyo.
- Unyango lwehormone: Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza ziphenjelelwa ziihomoni ezisemzimbeni. Ukuthintela imveliso okanye iziphumo zezi hormone kunokubangela ukuba iiseli zomhlaza ziyeke ukukhula. Umhlaza wamabele kunye nomhlaza wedlala lobudoda zinovelwano kunyango lwehomoni.
Ugonyo lomhlaza alukho. Nangona kunjalo, unokugonyelwa iintsholongwane ezithile ezaziwayo ngokubangela umhlaza othile, njenge-HPV (umhlaza woMlomo weSibeleko) kunye ne-hepatitis C kunye no-B (umhlaza wesibindi).
Umhlaza womdumba ngomnye weyona mihlaza ihlaselayo ekhoyo. Umhlaza wePancreatic unokuhamba ungabonwa ixesha elide ngenxa yendawo ye-pancreas emzimbeni.Ngenxa yendawo ebaluleke kakhulu, umhlaza we-pancreatic unokusasazeka ngokulula kwamanye amalungu abalulekileyo.
Ixesha eliphakathi kwendlela ephambili yonyango (utyando +/- unyango lwe-radiation +/- chemotherapy) ukuya kwixesha lokuphindaphinda kwesifo okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwesifo.
