Biochemistry

I-Biochemistry kukusetyenziswa kwekhemistri kufundo lweenkqubo zebhayoloji kumanqanaba eeselula kunye neemolekyuli. I-Biochemistry ibe sisiseko sokuqonda zonke iinkqubo zebhayoloji. Inika iinkcazo zezizathu zezifo ezininzi kwaye ifumene indawo yayo ekuxilongweni nasekunyangeni umhlaza.

• I-Oncology yentloko kunye neNtamo:
  I-Ferritin, i-lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), i-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) kunye ne-TPA (iTissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen) ibonakala njengeempawu ezinovakalelo kwi-prognosis yentloko kunye nentamo yomhlaza.
• I-Oncology yabantwana kunye neHaematology: NA
• Umhlaza wesifo se-Esophageal
• Iimpawu zeTumor: I-CEA kunye ne-CA 19-9 zanda kakhulu kwizigulane ezine umhlaza wommizo
• Ii-enzymes zesibindi: Unokuba novavanyo lwegazi ukujonga ukusebenza kwesibindi sakho kuba umhlaza wommizo unokusasazeka esibindini.
• Umhlaza Wesisu
• Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wesibindi lunokwenziwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwesibindi sakho, apho umhlaza wesisu unokusasazeka khona.
• Iimpawu zeTumor: Iimpawu ze-CEA (i-carcinoembryonic antigen) kunye ne-CA 19-9 (i-antigen yomhlaza) ngamanye amaxesha zikhuliswa kumhlaza wesisu kunye neminye imihlaza.
• Umhlaza Wesibindi: Uvavanyo lwegazi lwenziwa ukujonga izinto ezingaqhelekanga ekusebenzeni kwesibindi; ezi ziquka uvavanyo lwe-Alanine transaminase (ALT). I-ALT yi-enzyme efumaneka kwisibindi enceda ukuguqula iiprotheni zibe amandla kwiiseli zesibindi. Xa isibindi sonakalisiwe, i-ALT ikhutshwa kwigazi, kwaye amanqanaba ayanda.
• I-Aspartate transaminase (AST). I-AST yi-enzayim enceda ukugaya ii-amino acids. Njenge-ALT, i-AST ihlala ikhona egazini kumanqanaba aphantsi. Ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-AST kunokubonisa umonakalo wesibindi, izifo okanye umonakalo wemisipha.
• I-alkaline phosphatase (ALP). I-ALP yi-enzyme efumaneka kwisibindi kunye ithambo kwaye ibalulekile ekwaphuleni iiproteni. Amanqanaba aphezulu kune-ALP angabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye izifo, ezifana ne-bile duct evaliweyo, okanye izifo ezithile zamathambo.
• I-albumin kunye neprotheni epheleleyo. I-Albumin yenye yeeproteni ezininzi ezenziwe esibindini. Umzimba wakho ufuna ezi proteni ukuze ulwe nosulelo kunye nokwenza eminye imisebenzi. Amanqanaba angaphantsi kunesiqhelo e-albumin kunye neprotheni epheleleyo ingabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye izifo.
• Bilirubin. IBilirubin yinto eveliswa ngexesha lokuqhekeka okuqhelekileyo kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi. I-bilirubin idlula esibindini kwaye ikhutshwe kwisitulo. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-bilirubin (jaundice) angabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye isifo okanye iintlobo ezithile ze-anemia.
• I-Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). I-GGT yi-enzyme egazini. Amanqanaba aphezulu kunesiqhelo angabonisa umonakalo wesibindi okanye i-bile duct.
• Iimpawu zeTumor-Serum AFP:
  I-AFP imele i-alpha-fetoprotein. Yiprotheyini eyenziwe esibindini somntwana osakhulayo. Abantu abadala abasempilweni kufuneka babe namanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu e-AFP. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-AFP anokuba ngumqondiso umhlaza wesibindi kwaye inokunceda ukufumanisa umhlaza xa isetyenziswa kunye nolunye uvavanyo. Uvavanyo lunokusetyenziselwa ukunceda ukujonga ukusebenza konyango lomhlaza kunye nokubona ukuba umhlaza ubuyile na emva kokuba ugqibile unyango.
• Cancer Cancer
• Uhlalutyo lokuchama:Olu luvavanyo lwaselebhu olulula ukujonga igazi kunye nezinye izinto kwisampulu yomchamo.
• I-cytology yomchamo:
  Kolu vavanyo, isampulu yomchamo ijongwa ngemakroskopu ukubona ukuba awukho na umhlaza okanye iiseli zeprecancer kuyo. I-Cytology nayo yenziwa nakweyiphi na into yokuhlamba isinyi ethathwe ngexesha le-cystoscopy (jonga ngezantsi). I-Cytology inokunceda ekufumaneni ezinye ii-cancer, kodwa ayifezekanga. Ukungafumani umhlaza kolu vavanyo akusoloko kuthetha ukuba awunamhlaza.
• Inkcubeko yomchamo:
  Ukuba uneempawu zomchamo, olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa ukubona ukuba usulelo (kunokuba umhlaza) luyimbangela. Usulelo lwe-Urinary tract kunye Umhlaza wesinyi kunokubangela iimpawu ezifanayo. Kwinkcubeko yomchamo, isampulu yomchamo ifakwa esityeni kwilebhu ukuvumela naziphi na iibhaktheriya ezikhoyo ukuba zikhule. Kungathatha ixesha ukuba ibhaktheriya ikhule, ngoko kungathatha iintsuku ezimbalwa ukufumana iziphumo zolu vavanyo.
• I-Biochemistry: Uvavanyo lwegazi lusetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba izintso zakho zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. I-serum yegazi urea nitrogen, kunye namanqanaba e-creatinine kufuneka afunyanwe kuzo zonke izigulane ekuzo Cancer Cancer kurhanelwa. Ukuba isifo se-metastatic sikrokreka, inani elipheleleyo legazi kunye nephaneli epheleleyo ye-metabolic, kubandakanywa nenqanaba le-alkaline phosphatase kunye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi, kufanelekile.
• Izinga lokuhluzwa kweGlomerular (eGFR): Uqikelelo oluncitshisiweyo lokuhluzwa kwe-glomerular (i-eGFR) lufunyaniswe lunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko owonyuka kakhulu womhlaza wezintso kunye nomhlaza we-urothelial.
• Umhlaza woMhlaza wezintso
• I-cytology yomchamo:
  Umhlaza weseli yezintso uya kuba negazi kumchamo wabo. Ukuba isigulane sine-transitional cell carcinoma (kwi-renal pelvis, ureter, okanye isinyi), ngamanye amaxesha uvavanyo olukhethekileyo lwesampulu yomchamo (olubizwa ngokuba yi-cytology yomchamo) luya kubonisa iiseli zomhlaza zokwenene kumchamo.
• Ubalo lwegazi olupheleleyo (CBC):
  Olu luvavanyo olulinganisa inani leeseli ezahlukeneyo egazini. Esi siphumo sovavanyo sihlala singaqhelekanga kubantu abane Umhlaza woMhlaza wezintso .
• Iimvavanyo zeBiyochemistry: Amanqanaba aphezulu e-enzyme yesibindi ngamanye amaxesha afunyenwe. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-calcium egazini anokufunyanwa, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwiimvavanyo zokucinga ngakumbi. Uvavanyo lwekhemistri yegazi lukwalinganisa ukusebenza kwezintso, okubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba iimvavanyo ezithile zokucinga okanye ukuba utyando lucetyiwe.
• Umhlaza webele
• Iimpawu zeTumor
  i-antigen ye-cancer 15-3 (CA 15-3), i-antigen ye-cancer 27.29 (CA 27.29), kunye ne-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - isetyenziswe ekuncedeni ukubeka iliso kwi-metastatic Umhlaza webele (isifo esiphezulu),
• Umhlaza wemiphunga
• Iimpawu zethumba: I-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) imele iqela elingafaniyo le-glycoproteins kunye ne-antigenic determinants. I-CEA iveliswa ziiseli ezifihlakeleyo zendlela eqhelekileyo yesisu yabantu abadala, kwaye ukucocwa kufezwa ngokuyintloko esibindini. Ugxininiso oluphezulu lwemakisha lufumaneka kwizigulane ezine-metastases zesibindi ezivela kwi-carcinoma yekholoni. Uvavanyo lwe-CEA luluncedo kwi Umhlaza wemiphunga ulawulo lweklinikhi,
• I-Chromogranin A: yiprotheyini ekhutshwe kwiiseli ze-neuroendocrine eziye zaboniswa kwi-serum yezigulane ezine Umhlaza wemiphunga
• Ihomoni ye-Adrenocorticotropic: I-cell carcinoma encinci ye-lung (SCLC), evela kwizicubu ze-neuroendocrine, inokukhula ibe yi-paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes, njenge-Cushing syndrome, ngenxa yemfihlo engafanelekanga ye-ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
• Ukukhula okufana ne-insulin 1 (IGF1): amanqanaba aphezulu okujikeleza kwe-insulin-efana nokukhula kwe-1 (IGF1), i-ligand ephambili ye-IGF1R, yandisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa i-lung malignancy kwixesha elizayo.
• Amathumba ebuchotsheni
• I-Neuron-specific enolase (NSE): Amanqanaba aphezulu e-serum ye-NSE aqatshelwe kwizigulane ezine-neuroblastomas kunye ne-gliomas enobungozi, njl.
• ICrorectal Cancer
• Iimpawu zeTumor-Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA):
  Esona siphawuli sethumba esixhaphakileyo se ICrorectal Cancer yi-antigen ye-carcinoembryonic (CEA). Uvavanyo lwegazi kwesi siphawuli sethumba ngamanye amaxesha sinokucebisa umntu onokuba nalo ICrorectal Cancer , kodwa azinakusetyenziswa zodwa ukuhlola okanye ukuxilonga umhlaza. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-CEA angabonisa ukuba umhlaza usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Ukongeza, ezinye iimeko zonyango zinokubangela ukuba i-CEA inyuke. Uvavanyo lweCEA ludla ngokusetyenziswa ukubeka iliso ICrorectal Cancer kubantu abasele befumana unyango. Ayiloncedo njengovavanyo lokuhlola.
• Umhlaza wamatyhalarha: Zintathu iimpawu zethumba ezibalulekileyo ze Umhlaza wamatyhalarha:
• Alpha-fetoprotein:
  I-AFP yiprotheyini ekhutshwe yi-fetal yolk sac, isibindi kunye nesisu kwaye ibonakala kumazinga aphezulu egazini le-foetus. I-AFP inokukhutshwa yi-NSGCT equlethe i-embryonal carcinoma, i-yolk sac tumor okanye i-teratoma. Ngokwenkcazo, i-seminoma okanye i-choriocarcinoma ayikhuphi i-AFP. Ke ngoko nasiphi na isigulana esine-AFP ephakamileyo kufuneka sibe nenxalenye engeyiyo i-seminomatous yomhlaza wamatyhalarha.
• I-Gonadotropin yeChorionic yomntu (HCG):
  I-HCG yi-glycoprotein eveliswa yi-placenta ukugcina i-corpus luteum ngexesha lokukhulelwa. I-HCG inokunyuswa kwinani lezinye izifo ezinobungozi, kubandakanywa umhlaza wesibindi, wemiphunga, i-pancreas kunye nesisu. Kwi-germ cell tumors ye-testis, kubandakanywa zombini i-seminomas kunye ne-NSGCT, iiseli ezinomhlaza ziyakwazi ukuguqula zibe yi-syncytiotrophoblasts (inxalenye eqhelekileyo ye-placenta) kwaye ikhuphe iHCG. Amanqanaba angaphezu kwe-5,000 IU ahlala ebonisa i-NSGCT, kwaye kwi-NSGCT, amanqanaba aphezulu eHCG adibaniswa ne-prognosis embi. Nangona kunjalo, i-HCG-evelisa i-seminomas (malunga ne-15 yeepesenti ye-seminomas) ine-prognosis efanayo ne-seminomas engavelisi iHCG.
• I-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH):
  I-LDH yi-enzyme yeselula efumaneka kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-LDH kwizicubu eziqhelekileyo afumaneka kwi-muscle (kubandakanya i-skeletal, i-cardiac kunye ne-smooth muscle), isibindi kunye nengqondo. I-LDH ayichanekanga kangako kumhlaza wamatyhalarha kuneHCG okanye i-AFP. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-LDH ahambelana nomthwalo ophezulu we-tumor kwi-seminoma kunye nokuphindaphinda kwi-NSGCT.
• Cancer Cancer
• Uvavanyo lweProstate-specific antigen (PSA). Isampulu yegazi itsalwa kumthambo osengalweni yakho kwaye ihlalutyelwe i-PSA, into eveliswa ngokwemvelo lidlala lakho lesinyi. Inqanaba eliphezulu kuneliqhelekileyo le-PSA elifunyenweyo lingabonisa usulelo lwe-prostate, ukuvuvukala, ukwanda okanye umhlaza.
• Umhlaza wePenile
• Uvavanyo lwegazi: Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lweemvavanyo ze-renal function, i-electrolytes kunye neemvavanyo zesibindi ziya kucetyiswa ngugqirha ukuze ancede kuvavanyo lonyango kunye nokulandelwa.
• Umhlaza wolusu: Oogqirha bahlala bevavanya igazi malunga namanqanaba ento ebizwa ngokuba yi-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) phambi konyango. Ukuba i-melanoma isasazeke kwiindawo ezikude zomzimba, inqanaba eliphezulu le-LDH lisetyenziselwa ukubeka kunye nokusebenza konyango.
• Umhlaza Wethambo: Abantu abane-osteosarcoma okanye i-Ewing sarcoma banokuba ne-alkaline phosphatase ephezulu kunye namanqanaba e-lactate dehydrogenase egazini. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu awasoloko ethetha umhlaza.